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• Identity elements
a+0=a
a.1=a
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• Form the dual of the expression
a + (bc) = (a + b)(a + c)
a(b + c) = ab + ac
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3.2Boolean Identities
Boolean Algebra
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Boolean
3.2 Identities
Boolean Algebra
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3.2Boolean Identities
Boolean Algebra
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Postulates and Theorems of
Boolean Algebra
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Theorem 1(a)
x+x=x
Proof: x + x = (x + x) • 1 //1 is the identity for AND Postulate 2(b)
= (x + x) • (x + x') //Complement, x + x' = 1 Postulate 5(a)
= x + (x • x') //OR distributes over AND Postulate 4(b)
=x+0 //Complement, x • x' = 0 Postulate 5(b)
=x //0 is the identity for OR Postulate 5(a)
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Theorem 1(b)
x.x
=x // Postulate 2(b)
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Theorem 2(a)
x+1=1
Proof: x + 1
= 1 • (x + 1) //1 is the identity for AND Postulate 2(b)
= (x + x') • (x + 1) //Complement, x + x' = 1 Postulate 5(a)
= x + (x' • 1) //OR distributes over AND Postulate 4(b)
= x + x' //1 is the identity for AND Postulate 2(b)
=1 // Complement, x + x' = 1 Postulate 5(a)
Theorem 6(b)
x( x+y) =x by duality
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Distributivity of the Operators
and Complements
• The Distributive Property:
– a+(b.c)=(a+b).(a+c)
– a.(b+c)=(a.b)+(a.c)
– a + a’ = 1
– a . a’ = 0 14
• To simplify notation, the . operator is frequently omitted.
When two elements are written next to each other, the AND
(.) operator is implied…
– a+b.c=(a+b).(a+c)
– a + bc = ( a + b )( a + c )
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Commutativity and Associativity of
the Operators
• The Commutative Property:
– a+b=b+a
– a.b=b.a
– a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
– a . (b . c) = (a . b) . c
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Involution
• This theorem states:
a’’ = a
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Absorption
• This theorem states:
a + ab = a a(a+b) = a
a + ab = a . 1 + ab
= a (1 + b)
= a (b + 1)
= a (1)
Therefore a + ab = a
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De Morgan’s Theorem
3.2 Boolean Algebra
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DeMorgan’s Theorem
• A key theorem in simplifying Boolean algebra expression is
DeMorgan’s Theorem. It states:
(a + b)’ = a’b’ (ab)’ = a’ + b’
• Complement the expression a(b + z(x + a’)) and simplify.
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De Morgan’s Theorem
3.2 Boolean Algebra
• De Morgan’s law can be extended to any number of
variables.
• Replace each variable by its complement and change all
ANDs to ORs and all ORs to ANDs.
• Thus, we find the complement of:
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Order of Precedence for Boolean
Operations
• How to interpret A∙B+C?
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Order of Precedence for
3.2 Boolean Algebra
Boolean Operations
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