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ARIFA HASSAN
1ST MDS
PROSTHODONTICS
Introduction
Casting
Procedure
Casting defects
Classification of defects
Distortion
Surface roughness
Surface irregularities
Discoloration
Porosity
solidification defects
trapped gases
residual air
Incomplete casting
Summary
In dentistry the lost-wax casting technique was not
popular until 1907 when W.H. Taggart introduced this
technique and casting machine. Today the lost-wax
technique is common practice and is used for a variety
of casting operations
Any imperfections or irregularities that result in
unsuccessful casting which interferes with the fit of
final restoration or its esthetic and mechanical
properties
In dentistry the resulting casting must be an accurate
reproduction of the wax pattern in both surface details
and overall dimension.
Reproducing the wax up in metal with predictable
results has always been a challenge.
All aspects of final restoration are incorporated into the wax pattern
Invested pattern is heated until all the remnants of wax are burned away
Molten metal is cast into the void created by the wax pattern and the sprue
(1) Distortion
(2) Surface roughness and irregularities
(3) Porosity
(4) Incomplete casting or missing detail
Roughness
Nodules
Fins
Incompleteness
Voids or porosity
Marginal discrepancies
Dimensional inaccuracies
According to O’Brien
Problems
General Problems with
problems with internal external
porosity porosity
accuracy localize shrinkage porosity back
pressure
distortion subsurface porosity porosity
bubbles
micro porosity
fins
short rounded margins
miscasting's
pits
Any marked distortion of the
casting is probably related to
the distortion of the wax
pattern.
This type of distortion can be
minimized or prevented by
proper manipulation of the
wax and handling of the
pattern
Can also caused by the Stresses occur in the inlay wax as a result of
the heating and manipulation of the wax during fabrication of the
pattern.
Conclusion:
1. Within the limitation of this study,casting shrinkage was affected
by the type of wax used
2. The higher the softening temperature, the larger the casting
shrinkage.
Surface
roughness
The surface of a dental casting should be an
accurate reproduction of the surface of the wax
pattern from which it is made, excessive roughness
or irregularities on the outer surface of the casting
necessitate additional finishing and polishing,
whereas irregularities on the cavity surface prevent
a proper seating of an otherwise accurate casting
Surface roughness should not be confused with
surface irregularities.
A smooth surface not only prevents plaque and
calculus accumulation, but it also improves the
corrosion resistance of the alloy
Surface roughness is defined as relatively
finely spaced surface imperfections whose
height, width, and direction establish the
predominant surface pattern.
Water film
Under heating
Prolonged heating
Casting pressure
Pattern position
Air bubbles that become attached to the pattern during
or subsequent to the investing procedure cause small
nodule on a casting.
Such nodules can sometimes be removed if they are
not in a critical area.
However, for nodules on margins or on internal
surfaces, removal of these irregularities might alter the
fit of the casting.
The science and art of dental ceramics-volume ii bridge esign and laboratory
procedures in dental ceramics by John W.McLean.page232
When the high –heat casting technique is used, a
prolonged heating of the mold at the casting
temperature is likely to cause a disintegration of the
investment, and the walls of the mold are roughened as
a result
Furthermore, the products of decomposition are sulfur
compounds that may contaminate the alloy to the
extent that the surface texture is affected.
The science and art of dental ceramics-volume ii bridge esign and laboratory procedures
in dental ceramics by John W.McLean page230
Carbon, as form a crucible , an improperly adjusted
torch or a carbon-containing investment, can be
absorbed by the alloy during casting.
These particles may lead to the formation of carbides
or even created visible carbon inclusions.
There are certain surface discolorations and roughness
that may not be evident when the casting is completed
but that may appear during service.
For example, various gold alloys, such as solders, bits
of wire, and mixtures of different casting alloys should
never be melted together and reused.
The resulting mixture would not posses the proper
physical properties and might form eutectic or similar
alloys with low corrosion resistance.
Discoloration and corrosion may also occur.
Porosity may occur both within the interior region of a
casting and on the external surface.
The latter is a factor in surface roughness, but also it is
generally a manifestation of internal porosity.
Not only does the internal porosity weaken the casting
but also if it also extends to the surface, it may be a
cause for discoloration.
If severe, it can produce leakage at the tooth-
restoration interface, and secondary caries may result.
Although the porosity in a casting cannot be prevented
entirely, it can be minimized by use of proper
techniques
Phillip’s science of dental materials-11th edition by Kenneth J.Anusavicepage342
I. Solidification defects -
A. Localized shrinkage porosity
B. Microporosity
The larger voids may also result from the same cause, but it
is more logical to assume that such voids are caused by gas
that is mechanically trapped by the molten metal in the
mold or by gas that is incorporated during the casting
procedure
Subsurface porosity occurs on occasion. At
other times, it may be particularly evident.
Use of reservoir
z
It can be seen as rounded margins with quite
shiny rather than dull appearance. The strong
reducing atmosphere created by carbon
monoxide left by the residual wax causes this
shiny condition of the metal.
The possible influence of the L: P ratio of the
investment has been discussed. A lower L: P is
associated with less porosity of the investment.
An increase in casting pressure during casting
solves this problem.