BASIC NUMERICAL CONCEPTS

(Fractions)

ISRAEL V. CARINO
November 4, 2019
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students must be able to:
1. Identify some different number systems;
2. Round-up numbers and correct them to significant figures;
3. Carry-out calculations involving the processes of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division;
4. Deal with negative numbers;
5. Cancel fractions down to their simplest form;
6. Change improper fractions to mixed numbers or integers, and vice versa;
7. Add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions and mixed numbers;
8. Carry calculations using decimals;
9. Calculate ratios and percentages, carry out calculations using
percentages and divide a given quantity according to a ratio;
10. Explain the term index, power, root, reciprocal and factorial.
E. FRACTIONS
A FRACTION is a part of whole number!
E. FRACTIONS
E. FRACTIONS
The rule of expressing a fraction is to always reduce the fraction to its
smallest possible whole numbers for both its numerator and denominator.
The resulting fraction then in its lowest possible terms.

Basic Rules for Fractions

1. Cancelling Down
2. Changing the Denominator to Required Number
3. Changing an Improper Fraction into a Whole Number or Mixed
Number
4. Changing a Mixed Number into an Improper Fraction
E. FRACTIONS
Cancelling Down
- process of reducing a fraction to its lowest possible terms.
- How?

Divide both numerator and denominator by the largest whole number

which will divide into them exactly.

A fraction which has not been reduced to its lowest possible terms is
called vulgar fraction.

Examples:
20/50, 165/231
E. FRACTIONS
Changing the denominator to required number
- Reverse of the previous process.
- Expressing the denominator to a specific number.
- For example, 2/5 can be expressed as 8/20 by multiplying both sides
by 4.

Example:
1. Express ½ in eighths
2. Express 1/5 in tenths
E. FRACTIONS
Changing an improper fraction into a whole or mixed number

The result is a mixed number – one comprising a whole number and a

fraction.
E. FRACTIONS
Changing a mixed fraction into an improper fraction
Practice Questions 4
Practice Questions 4
E. FRACTIONS - Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
a. Proper Fractions
- Adding or subtracting fractions depends upon them having the same
denominator. It is not possible to do these operations if the
denominators are different.
E. FRACTIONS - Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
Example:
E. FRACTIONS - Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
B. Mixed Numbers
E. FRACTIONS - Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
E. FRACTIONS - Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
E. FRACTIONS - Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
Practice Questions 5
E. FRACTIONS – Multiplying and Dividing
Fractions
E. FRACTIONS – Multiplying and Dividing
Fractions
E. FRACTIONS – Multiplying and Dividing
Fractions
E. FRACTIONS – Multiplying and Dividing
Fractions
Practice Questions 6
E. FRACTIONS – Multiplying and Dividing
Fractions
F. DECIMALS
F. DECIMALS
F. DECIMALS – ADDING AND
SUBTRACTING
F. DECIMALS – MULTIPLICATION
Multiplying Decimals
- Ignore the decimal point (i.e. 40 x 0.5)

0.4 x 0.5 = ?
3.62 x 10 = ?
3.62 x 100 = ?
F. DECIMALS – DIVISION
Division with Decimals
F. DECIMALS – FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS,
AND VICE VERSA
Converting fractions to decimals
Example:
1/5 = 0.2

3.5 = ?
100.20 = ?
F. DECIMALS
Limiting the number of decimals

0.342 correct to two decimal places ?

0.67777777 correct to one decimals place?
Practice Questions 7
Practice Questions 7
BASIC NUMERICAL CONCEPTS
(Fractions)

ISRAEL V. CARINO
November 4, 2019