VALVES

Valves
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or
controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, or
fluidized solids) by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways.

To simplify,
A valve is a mechanical device that controls
the flow and pressure of fluid within a
system or process.
Valves Functions:
• Stopping and starting fluid flow
• Varying the amount of fluid flow
• Controlling the direction of fluid flow
• Regulating downstream system ore
process pressure
• Relieving component or piping over
pressure
Types of Valves
• Gate Valve
• Globe Valve
• Ball Valve
• Check Valve
• Butterfly Valve
• Needle Valve
• Relief and Safety Valve
 Gate Valve
• A gate valve is the most common type of
valve that used in any process plant.
• It is used to start or stop fluid flow.
• In service, these valves are either in fully
open or fully closed position.
Gate Valve Parts
Gate Valve Parts
• Body
– Also called shell. The most principal part
of the gate valve. It is considered the
initial pressure boundary and can
connect inlet and outlet pipes in a piping
system. The shape of the body is often
cylindrical. The body also houses the
gate (disk) and the valve's seats.
 Gate Valve Parts
• Bonnet
– A covering used for a valve body’s opening at
the top.
– A valve’s bonnet is often screwed in so as to
enable any sort of maintenance or repair work
to be done without having to remove the entire
gate valve from the piping system
There are 4 types of body-bonnet connection:
-Screwed Bonnet -Bolted Bonnet
-Welded bonnet -Pressure-seal bonnet
• Screwed Bonnet-This is the simplest design
available and used for inexpensive valves.
• Bolted Bonnet-This is the most popular design
and used in a large number of gate valves. This
requires a gasket to seal the joint between the
body and bonnet.
• Welded Bonnet-This is a popular design where
disassembly is not required. They are lighter in
weight than their bolted-bonnet counterparts.
• Pressure-Seal Bonnet-This type is used
extensively for high-pressure high-temperature
applications. The higher the body cavity pressure,
the greater the force on the gasket in a pressure -
seal valve.
Gate Valve Parts
• Gate
– Also called disk or wedge. It is what
closes and opens.

There are 3 types of disk:

• Solid taper wedge
• Flexible wedge
• Split wedge or Parallel disks
• Solid Wedge Gate
Valve
– Solid wedge is most
common & widely
used disk types
because of its
simplicity and
strength. A valve with
solid wedge may be
installed in any
position, and it is
suitable for almost all
fluids. It can be used
in turbulent flow also.
• Flexible Wedge Gate
Valve
– The flexible wedge is
a one-piece solid disk
with a cut around the
perimeter. These cuts
vary in size, shape,
and depth.
– This design improves
seat alignment and
offers better leak
tightness.
• Split Wedge or
Parallel Disk Gate
Valve
– Split wedge Disk consists
of two solid pieces and
holds together with the
help of special
mechanism.
– In case, one-half of the
disk is out of alignment;
the disk is free to adjust
itself to the seating
surface. The split disk can
be in a wedge shape or a
parallel disk type.
 Gate Valve Parts
• Seat
– partner of the disk. It can either be in a "V"
shape or pointed valley for a wedge disk or
in a parallel shape to that of a parallel disk.
 Gate Valve Parts
• Stem
– a stem of the valve connects the hand
wheel to the disk.
– The stem rotates as the hand wheel is
turned, making it possible for the disk to
rotate in the same motion as the stem and
hand wheel.
There are 2 types of stem movement:
• Rising Stem
• Non-Rising Stem
 Rising Stem Valve
• For a rising stem valve, the stem will go up
while opening the valve and move down
when you close the valve.
 Non-Rising Stem Valve
• There is no upward movement of the stem in
a non-rising stem type. The valve disk is
threaded internally. The disc travels along
the stem like a nut when the stem is rotated.
 Gate Valve Parts
• Handwheel
– the circular part found at the very top of a
gate valve. It is what controls the stem,
which in turn controls the disk. It is turned
clockwise to close the valve and counter-
clockwise to open the valve.
 Gate Valve Parts
• Gland Packing
– composed of a material that creates a seal
between the stem and the trim.
• Gland Follower
– extends into the gland packing. It is
necessary for the gland packing to be
properly compressed to ensure no breach
occurs.
Gate Valve Applications
• Gate valves are used in almost all
fluid services such as air, fuel gas,
feedwater, steam, lube oil,
hydrocarbon, and all most any
services.
Gate Valves
Advantages Disadvantages
• Pressure drop during • It cannot be used to
operation is very control the flow.
less. • A gate valve is slow
• Most of the gate in operation.
valve can be used Opening and closing
as bi-directional take times which is
• They are suitable for good also as it
high pressure and reduces the chance
temperature of hammering.
application and • When partially open
required less it creates vibration
maintenance and noise.
P&ID Symbol for Gate Valve
 Globe Valves
• It is used to start, stop and regulate fluid flow.
• Used in the systems where flow control is
required and leak tightness is also necessary.
• Provides better shut off as compared to gate
valve and it is costlier than gate valve.
Globe Valve Diagram
• Globe valves can be arranged in a such a
way that the disk closes against the flow or
in the same direction of flow.
Globe Valve Parts
Globe Valve Parts
• Body
– This part of the valve is noted to contain the
main pressure structure and it aids in forming
the mass of the valve. The body surrounds
the valve’s entire internal parts that will come
in contact with the movement of the
substance that is being regulated.
There are 3 types of globe valve according to its
body:
– Z type
– Y type
– Angle type
• Z Type
– The simplest design
and most common type
of globe valve.
– The Z-shaped partition
inside the globular body
contains the seat. The
horizontal seating
arrangement of the seat
allows the stem and
disk to travel at a
perpendicular to the
pipe axis resulting in a
very high-pressure loss.
• Y Type
– The y-type design is a
solution for the high-
pressure drop problem
in Z-type valves. In this
type, seat and stem are
angled at approximately
45° to the pipe axis. Y-
body valves are used in
high pressure and other
critical services where
pressure drop is
concerned.
• Angle Type
– Angle globe valve turns
the flow direction by 90
degrees without using
an elbow and one extra
pipe weld. Disk open
against the flow. This
type of globe valve can
be used in the
fluctuating flow
condition also, as they
are capable of handling
the slugging effect.
Globe Valve Parts
• Bonnet
– The bonnet is linked to the body and it
stipulates the containment of fluid, gas, or
slurry that is being regulated.
– This part supplies a leak proof closure
towards the body of the valve.
There are 4 types of body-bonnet connection:
• Screwed bonnet
• Bolted bonnet
• Welded bonnet
• Pressure-seal bonnet
 Globe Valve Parts
• Disk
– There are 2 common types of disk for globe
valve
• Ball Disk - used in low-pressure and low-temperature
systems. It is capable of throttling flow, but in
principle, it is used to stop and start the flow.
• Needle Disk - provides better throttling as compared
to ball. It is suited for different flow conditions.
Globe Valve Applications
• It used in high-point vents and low-point
drains when leak tightness and safety are
major concerns.
• It can be used in Feed-water, chemical, air,
lube oil and almost all services where
pressure drop is not an issue.
• This valve is also used as an automatic
control valve, but in that case, the stem of the
valve is a smooth stem rather than threaded
and are opened and closed by lifting action of
an actuator assembly.
Globe Valves
Advantages Disadvantages
• Better shut off as • High head loss from two or more
right angle turns of flowing fluid
compared to gate valve within the valve body.
• Good for frequent • Obstructions and discontinuities
operation as no fear of in the flow path lead to a high
wear of seat and disk head loss.
• In a large high-pressure line,
• Easy to repair, as seat pulsations and impacts can
and disk can be access damage internal trim parts.
from the valve top • Large valve require considerable
power to open and create noise
• Fast operation compares while in operation.
to gate valve due to • It is heavier than other valves of
shorter stroke length the same pressure rating.
• Usually operated by • Costlier compared to gate valve.
automatic actuator
P&ID Symbol for Globe Valves
 Ball Valves
• A quarter-turn rotary motion valve that uses
a ball-shaped disk with a hole in it to stop,
start, or throttle the flow.
• Most ball valves are of the quick-acting type,
which requires a 90degree turn of the valve
handle to operate the valve.
Ball Valve Diagram
Ball Valves Parts
Ball Valve Parts
• Body
– There are 3 patterns available for ball
valves:
• Full port type - inside diameter is equal to
the inside diameter of the pipe
• Reduced port type and Venturi port type
- the port is generally one pipe size smaller
than the line size
Ball Valve Applications
• It can be used in different types of fluid
services as on-off stop valve that provides
bubble-tight shutoff.
• It can be used in air, gaseous, and vapor
services as well as hydrocarbon services.
• Metal seated valves can be used in high-
pressure & temperature applications.
• Ball valves are widely used with
instrument tubing to connect instruments.
Ball Valves
Advantages
• It is Quick to open and close
type that provides bubble-
tight reliable sealing in high-
pressure temperature
applications.
• It is Smaller and lighter than
gate valve of same size and
rating.
• Several designs of ball
valves offer the flexibility of
selection so that you can
choose the valve that suits
your requirements.
• Easy to operate and Cost
effective maintenance.
Disadvantages
• It cannot be used in service
that required throttling.
• In slurry or other similar
applications, the suspended
particles can settle and
become trapped in body
cavities causing wear,
leakage, or valve failure.
• Due to rapid opening and
closing, surge pressures may
arise which could damage
downstream equipment.
P&ID Symbol for Check Valves
Check Valves
• Also called non-return valve
• The valve that used to prevent backflow or
reversal of flow in a piping system.
Check Valve Diagram
Check Valve Parts
Check Valve Applications
• Check valves (Non-return valve) are used
in a piping system to prevent backflow.
Discharge line of rotary equipment such as
pump and compressor always fitted with a
check valve to prevent backflow.
Butterfly Valve
• A quarter-turn
rotary motion
valve, that is used
to stop, regulate,
and start the flow.
• Butterfly valves are
a quick open type.
A 90° rotation of
the handle can
completely close or
open the valve.
Butterfly Valve Diagram
Butterfly Valve Parts
Butterfly Valve Applications
• A Butterfly valve is used in many different
fluid services and they perform well in
slurry applications also. They can be used
in liquids, steam, cryogenics, cooling
water, air, gasses, firefighting & Vacuum
services.
• Butterfly Valve is used in all type of
industries application even in High-
pressure and temperature services.
Butterfly Valves
Advantages
• Butterfly Valve is suitable for
large valve applications due to
Compact, lightweight design that
requires considerably less
space, as compared to other
valves
• Due to a quick operation, it
needs less time to open or close
• The maintenance costs are
usually low compared to other
valve types
• A pressure drop across a
butterfly valve is small
• Valve with Non-metallic seating
can be used in chemical or
corrosive media
Disadvantages
• Throttling is limited to
low differential pressure
services and that too
with a 30- to 80-degree
disc opening.
• There is a chance for
cavitation and choke as
the disk is always in the
flow Turbulence flow can
affect the disc
movement.
P&ID Symbol for Butterfly Valves
Needle Valves
• A needle valve is a manual valve that used
where continuous throttling of flow is
required for regulation. Needle valves are
similar to the globe valve in design with
the biggest difference is the sharp needle
like a disk.
Needle Valve Application
• All field analog instruments are fitted with a needle valve
to control flow entry, where sudden surges of fluid under
pressure can damage the instruments.
• Needle valves can be used in situations where the flow
must stop gradually and in an application where precise
adjustments of flow are required or where a small flow
rate is desired such as sample points in the piping
• Needle valves can be used as both on/off and throttle
valves
• Used in all type of industries for controlling and metering
applications of fluid such as steam, air, gas, oil, water or
other non-viscous liquids.
P&ID Symbol for Needle Valve
 Relief and Safety Valves
• A relief valve opens slowly as the pressure
increases about the set-point and only
opens as necessary.
• A safety valve rapidly opens as the pressure
setting is reached and will stay open until the
pressure is lower than the actuating
pressure set-point.
Classification of Valves Based
on the way it Open or Closed

Valve Type Linear Rotary Quarter

Motion Motion Turn
Gate Valve X
Globe Valve X
Ball Valve X X
Butterfly Valve X X
Safety Valve X
Relief Valve X
 Valves Control Actions
• Air-to-Open/Spring-
to-Close
– The flow restriction
decreases with
increased control
signal value
• Air-to-Close/Spring-
to-Open
– The flow restriction
increases with
decreased control
signal value.
VALVES FAILURE
MODES
Fail Safe Concept
Fail Safe Concept is an applied
instrumentation concept wherein during
plant emergencies, the instrumentayion
system will bring down the plant into safe
condition.

A mechanism that is automatically triggered

by failure that reduces or eliminates harm to
other equipment, environment or people.
Fail-Open (FO)
Fail Open is the term where a valve opens
at loss of signal. This causes the fluid
flowing through the pipe to continuously
pass through.
Fail-Close (FC)
Fail Closed means the valve will closed
when the signal is interrupted. This causes
the fluid flowing through the pipe to be
completely prevented from flowing any
further.
Fail-Locked
Fail-Locked means that it will secure the
valve in its current position on loss of power.
Example:
Choosing a Fail-Safe Valve
• Process-dependent
• Location
“if the plan doesn't work,
change the plan but never
the goal”