SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS
Lesson 3:
Structural Analysis
Fundamentals
MTYANA, H.J
PhD. Structural Engineering - on progress

Ass. Lecturer
Dept. of Structural and Construction Engineering
College of Engineering and Technology
University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Email: hjmtyana@gmail.com
Cell Phone: +255 (0) 655 004212
 Topics to be covered
3.1 Definition of seismic loads on
buildings

3.2 Response of tall buildings

under seismic loads

3.3 Overview on structural analysis

methods for seismic resistant
tall buildings
 3.1 Definition of seismic loads on buildings

Lateral load
 Gravity Loads • Wind load (dynamic) Special load cases
 Dead loads (static) • Earthquake load (dynamic) •Thermal loads

 Live load (static)

•Blast loads
•Impact load
 Snow load (static)
•Settlement loads

Building Loads
 What is Dynamic load???????????????
Dynamic load is one whose magnitude or direction or
position varies with time.
Dynamic response of the structure are displacement,
velocity, acceleration, stresses etc are.

Dynamic response of the structure depends on –

(i) dynamic load
(ii) dynamic properties of the structure itself (ex:
natural period)

7
LATERAL LOAD vs GRAVITY LOAD

Bending moment
Diagram

Shear Force
Diagram
LATERAL LOAD vs GRAVITY LOAD

Deflection
 3.1 Definition of seismic loads on buildings
 Earthquake produce loadings through
its interaction with the ground and its
response characteristics.
 Their magnitudes depends on:
• amount and type of ground
acceleration,
• mass and stiffness of structure
Earthquake (Seismic) forces are inertia forces

A building, experiences acceleration, inertia

force is generated when its mass resists the
acceleration
 3.2 Response of tall buildings under seismic loads
General overview
1. Inertia Forces
Ground acceleration at the base of structure
Structural vibration due to inertia force
Force generated at the floor mass level
Need to be transferred to ground safely
•When the ground moves, the building is thrown
backwards, and the roof experiences a force, called
inertia force
•The walls or columns are flexible, the motion of the roof
is different from that of the ground (F=M x a)
•More mass means higher inertia force. Therefore,
lighter buildings sustain the earthquake shaking better.
2. Effect of Deformation in Structures
The inertia force experienced by the roof is
transferred to the ground via the columns,
causing forces in columns.
The columns undergo relative movement
(u) between their ends
horizontal displacement u, larger is this
greater the internal force in columns.
Also, the stiffer the columns are, larger is
this force. these internal forces in the
columns are called stiffness forces.
the stiffness force in a column is the
column stiffness times the relative
displacement
3. Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

SEISMIC EFFECTS ON
STRUCTURES
 Earthquake Motions
◦ Three components
Two Horizontal
Longitudinal (X) & Transverse (Y)
One Vertical (Z)
Y Z
Vertical component X

 Notcritical to structures

◦ Horizontal components
Inertia force & lateral displacement
Critical for structures performance
Need adequate load transfer path
 Effects of Horizontal Shaking

U-D
EW
Direction of Movement of
forces on building
NS
Building
 SEISMIC EFFECTS ON
STRUCTURES
4. Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundation

 The lateral inertia forces are transferred by

the floor slab to the walls or columns, to the
foundations, and finally to the soil system
underneath.
 So, each of these structural elements (floor
slabs, walls, columns, and foundations) and
the connections between them must be
designed to safely transfer these inertia
forces through them
House Elements Resist Horizontal Forces

Roof Diaphragm

f1 Shear Wall

f2 f3
Floor Foundation
Diaphragm

GPC, SJCE, Mysore

 Earthquake Effects on Buildings
(Analysis and Design)

Vertical Acceleration – Significant near epicenter

(Adds/Reduces to the gravity forces, Large balconies)
Horizontal Acceleration – produces sway
( Effect of Inertia , distribution of lateral forces)
Effect of Resonance - Excessive deflection
( Natural frequency coincides with Earthquake frequency

0 1 2 weq/wnat
Vertical Acceleration

Up/Down
Acceleration
Large Span Cantilevers

Up/Down
Acceleration
Effects of Earthquake on Stress Distribution

Lateral Displacement
&
Overturning
Effects of Earthquakes on Stress distribution

Change in Stress

Change in Moment

Change in Load
Bending Moment Distribution in
Portal Frame
 RESONANCE
Frequency content of the ground motion is close to building's natural frequency
◦ tends to increase or amplify building response
◦ building suffers the greatest damage from ground motion at a frequency close or equal to its own
natural frequency

• Example: Mexico City earthquake of September 19, 1985

– majority of buildings that collapsed were around 20 stories tall
– natural period of around 2.0 seconds
– other buildings, of different heights and different natural frequencies,
were undamaged even though located right next to damaged 20 story
buildings