Water is a very remarkable

substances with its simple

composition and structure. It has a
unique properties. An evidence of its
uniqueness is that is the only
natural substances that is found in
all three phases: liquid, solid (ice),
and gas (steam) at temperature
normally existing in our planet.
 Physical Properties
Pure water is a tasteless liquid. it
has a bluish tint. at standard
atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg or
760 torr), its freezing point is 0°C (32°F)
and boiling point is 100˚C (212F).
 DENSITY
 Water is at its maximum density at a
temperature of 4C (39F). It has the
unusual property of contracting in
volume as it is cooled to 4C , and
then expanding when cooled from 4C
to 0C.
 BOILING POINT
water has a relatively high boiling
point (100C at 1 atm), which indicates its
stability. Substances of comparable
molar mass like ammonia and methane
are gases at a temperature that water is a
liquid On earth, it would boil at a
normal surface temperatures and thus
exist only as a gas the we would not have
the much needed water in the liquid
phase.
 SPECIFIC HEAT
the specific heat of water is higher than
any commonly known liquid except
ammonia. This means that water takes much
longer time to heat up and also to cool down
that most substances in our environment. It
can abborb a large amount of heat with only a
slight change in temperature. Water
temperature fluctuates less than land
temperature such that large bodies of water,
like the oceans, serve as moderating
influences on the earths climate
 Water accounts for about 66% of the
mass of an adult of human body. Do you
think it is related to the maintenance of
body temperature? How? What
observations on body temperature can
be attributed to it
 SOLVENT ACTION
Water dissolves more substances
than any common liquid. That is why
it is the most commonly used polar
solvent. This property makes water the
most affective liquid for transporting
dissolved nutrients, in the
bloodstream and eliminating wastes
from living tissues in our bodies.
 This dissolving ability also explains
why water is the most important
agent in the erosion of weathered
materials on the earths surface and
why tropical areas are much more
eroded that deserts. Water that runs
over and through the surface of the
land dissolves is easily polluted, stays
polluted often and remains stagnant
for a long time.
 SURFACE TENSION
 Water has a high surface tension because
of strong intermolecular H-bonding
 Composition and Structure of Water
a single water molecule consist of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each
hydrogen atom is attached to the oxygen atom by
a single covalent bond. This bond is formed by
the overlap of the 1s orbital of hydrogen with sp3
hybrid orbital of oxygen that contains the
unpaired electron.
 although the H20 as a whole is
electrically neutral, its 0-H bonds are
polar, and because of its bent
structure, water is a polar molecule.
Its acts as a dipole, with a partial
positive charge at one end and a
partial negative charge at the other
end.
  the intermolecular forces acting between water
molecules are the hydrogen bonds,( a hydrogen bond
is actually the dipole-dipole attraction between polar
molecules containing F-H, O-H or N-H bonds) thus
water has two types of bond: (1) covalent bonds
between H and O atoms whitin the molecule; and (2)
H-bond between H and O atoms in different water
molecules

The intermolecular H-
bonding effectively gives
water the properties of a
much larger, heavier
molecule due to three-
dimensional aggregation.
 Chemical Properties
water is a very stable substances as
shown by its being in the liquid phase at
temperature found in most places on the
earth surface and having a relatively high
boiling point of 100C compared with
compounds of similar molecular weights. In
its liquid state, water takes part in many
chemical reactions
 Hydrates
Water can combine with some salts to form
hydrates, which are solids that contain water
molecules as part of their crystalline structure.
The water in the hydrate is called water of
crystallization or water molecules un the law
of difinite composition, having a fixed number
of water molecules in the crystalline unit. This
number of water molecules are included in
the formula of the compound named copper
(II) sulfate pentahydrate contain five
molecules of water, so the formula is
CuSO4∙5H2O.
 Uses of Water
 Industrial Uses
industrial use vast amounts of water.
There is a great demand for water in various
processes involved in industrial
manufacturing and production. This
demand continuously increases in bulk as
industrialization continues with the
increasing population. In manufacturing
industries of factories, the use of water
takes place in three ways;