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Municipal solid waste Management and Handling Rules 2000, waste must be
segregated into following three types
• Organic waste – tea leaves, egg shells, meat, bones
• Recyclable waste – paper, shampoo bottles, glass, wires, safety pins
• others – terapacks, thermocols, carbon paper
Method of segregation/sorting
• Manual sorting
• Semi-mechanized sorting
• Fully mechanized sorting
Manual sorting
• Unloading
• Manually spreading
• Hand picking – waste – reuse
• Collecting – stockpiling the
remaining waste
Semi-mechanized sorting
• Unloading of waste
• Loading of waste on conveyor belts
• Handpicking of waste off the belts for
reuse
• Collecting, stocking and reloading the
remaining waste
Fully – mechanized sorting operation
• Unloading of waste
• Size reduction – shredder & crusher
• Size separation – screening devices
• Density – separation
• Magnetic – separation of waste
• Compaction of waste through balers/crushers
• Reloading of waste
History of Municipal solid waste
In 500 BC, the Athens organized the first municipal
landfill in the western world and required waste disposal
to be at least one mile from city walls.
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In 1388, English Parliament puts a
ban on waste disposal in public waterways
and ditches. Waste disposal methods
involve simply throwing garbage out
of windows and doors.
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A new invention in Nottingham, England called “The Destructor”
provides the first incineration of MSW.
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The first incinerator in the US is built on Governor’s Island,
New York.
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In 1898, Colonel Waring, New York City street cleaning commissioner,
creates a solid waste management program that ends ocean dumping ,
institutes mandatory household separation of wastes, and begins the first
recycling program.
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In 1899, the Rivers and Harbors Act began requiring the
Army Corps of Engineers to regulate the dumping of debris
In navigable waters and adjacent lands.
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Municipal Solid Waste Management becomes a norm in 1902.
By this time, 72% of US cities provided trash collection.
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The nation’s first major aluminum recycling plant opens in 1904.
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In 1916, cities switched from horsedrawn waste collection vehicles
to motorized ones.
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Through the 1940’s, Americans collected rubber, paper, scrap metal
fats, and tin cans in order to help the war effort.
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The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
publishes the standard guide to sanitary landfilling.
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The Solid Waste Disposal Act, the nation’s first federal MSW
Management law is passed in 1965. The goals of this act were to:
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The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was ammended in 1970 by
Public Law 95-512, the Resources Recovery Act of 1970. This act
emphasized that the main focus should be shifted from disposal as its
primary objective, to recycling and reuse of recoverable materials in
solid wastes, or to the conversion of wastes to energy.
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The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developed in 1971.
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In 1976, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was
Passed setting specific guidelines for solid waste storage, treatment,
and disposal. This act included both hazardous and solid waste.
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In its review of Philadelphia vs. New Jersey the US Supreme Court
invalidates a New Jersey law excluding out-of-state waste from public
and Private landfills.
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