What is a research paper?

It is composed of five chapters:

1. Introduction
2. Review of related literature
3. Methodology
4. Result and discussion
5. Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation.
What is in the INTRODUCTION

It consists of the following:

1. Background of the study
2. Statement of the problem
3. hypotheses
4. Significance of the study
5. Scope and limitations
6. Definition of terms.
 1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It cites the reason why the researcher

chooses to study a particular topic.
It describes the setting or the place where the
research will take place.This gives special
consideration to the needs of the particular
locality.
It presents bases that may support or negate
the claims of the researcher. A researcher
may present relevant literatures related to the
study he/she is conducting.
It gives justification for the need for the
research study. The researcher may cite
benefits and other advantages that the
research study might present after it has
been done.
In summary, the background of the study
provides a brief explanation on how the
study was conceived, how will it be
conducted, and the possible contribution it
may give to the society.
What is the statement of the Problem:

It is called the heart of a research study. This is

where the general and the specific problems or
objectives are presented.

The introductory statement in this section is

usually the general problem or goal based
from the research title.
This is followed by the specific problem or
objectives that will be thoroughly studied in the
course of the research.

Specific problems are stated in interrogative

form

Objectives are stated in declarative form

Specific Problems need to be answered by
statements of hypothesis. While research
objectives may not be followed by hypothesis.
Example:
Research Title: The Impact of El Niño to the Way
of Life of the Filipino Farmers.

General Problem: This study attempts to

document the effects of El Niño on the way of
life of the Filipino farmers.
Specific Problem:

1. What are the effects of El Niño on the

production of agricultural products of the
Filipino farmers?
2. What are the effects of the said environmental
phenomenon to the social and economic
interactions of the Filipino farmers?
3. What practices are adopted by said farmers to
limit the effects of El Niño to their way of life?
What are the types of Research Questions?
The are four types of research questions
based on their purpose:
1. Factor-isolating questions.
The purpose of these questions is to categorize
or name factors and situations.

Example: What are the possible reasons for the

low grades of students in Mathematics?
2. Factor-relating questions.
These questions aim to establish relationships
between the factors that have been identified.

Example: What relationship exists between

variable A and variable B?
3. Situation-relating question.
These questions aim to see the changes that
might happen to one variable when the other
variable changes. These questions need
experimentation in order to get result.

Example: What is the effect of the changes in

climate to the behavior of animals living in the
grass field?
4. Situation-producing questions.
These questions lead to promote explicit
course of action or conditions under which
goal could be accomplished. These are
commonly used in action research.

Example: What appropriate classroom

management technique could be devised to
maintain classroom cleanliness.
Hypotheses:
Hypothesis is defined as a temporary answer to a
research problem. It serves as guide as to what
processes are needed in answering the research
questions and what research designs is to undertaken in
the study.
In qualitative research, the hypotheses may not be
needed or may emerge as the study progresses,
depending on the purpose of the study. For instance, in
doing descriptive research, you may not need
hypotheses for you to be able to describe what is going
on or to describe a certain phenomenon or idea.
Types of Hypotheses:
1. Scientific Hypothesis: provides an answer to a research
question based on the review of related literature. It could
be in qualitative or quantitative research.
2. Statistical Hypothesis: presents the standard hypothesis for
the statistical procedures to be employed in the study.
a. Null Hypothesis- suggest a negative relation between
variables. It negates the existence of a characteristics or
a difference in effect of the variables.
b. Alternative Hypothesis- suggest a positive relation
between variables, the existence of a characteristic, or a
difference in the effect of the variables.