https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=D
GyRD9HnXVs
 PED 101
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT OF
CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENCE
Prelim
TE10
What is Physical
Development?

Physical
development is the
process that starts
in human infancy
and continues into
late adolescent
concentrating on
Gross and Fine
motor skills as well
as puberty.
What is Motor
Development?
Refers to the
underlying biological
and mechanical factors
that influence
movement.
Types of Motor Skills Development
Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills
Are those which require whole
Are essential for performing
body movement and which involve
everyday skills like self care
the large (core establishing)
tasks and academic skills.
muscles of the body to perform
everyday functions.
CHILDHOOD
CHILDHOOD
 The time for children to be in school and at play, to grow
strong and confident with the love and encouragement of
their family and an extended community of caring adults.

 It also means much more than just the space between

birth and the attainment of adulthood. It refers to the state
and condition of a child’s life, to the quality of those years.

-(UNICEF, 2005)
Developmental Stages of
Childhood
 EARLY CHILDHOOD
( 3 – 8 years old)
- a time of tremendous
physical, cognitive, socio-
emotional, and language
development.
 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
( 9 – 11 years old)
- children move into
expanding roles and
environments. As they
begin to develop their
own identity.
Physical Development in
Early Childhood
I. BODY GROWTH
A. Changes in Body Size and Proportions

1. On the average, 2 to 3 inches in height and about 5

pounds in weight are added each year.
2. The child gradually becomes thinner; girls retain
somewhat more body fat, whereas boys are slightly
more muscular.
3. Posture and balance improve, resulting in gains in
motor coordination.
Physical Development in
Early Childhood
I. BODY GROWTH
A. Changes in Body Size and Proportions

4. Individual differences in body size are even more

apparent during early childhood than in infancy.

5. To determine if a child's atypical stature is a sign of a

growth or health problem, the child's ethnic heritage must
be considered.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
A. GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

1. As children's bodies become more streamlined

and less top- heavy, their center of gravity shifts
downward toward the trunk and, as a result, their
balance improves.
2. By age 2, the preschooler's gait becomes smooth
and rhythmic, leading to running, jumping,
hopping, galloping, and skipping.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
A. GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

3. As children become steadier on their feet, their arms and torsos

are freed to experiment with new skills-throwing and catching
balls, steering tricycles, and swinging on horizontal bars and rings.
4. Five-year-olds run about twice as quickly as they did at age 2.
Around age 4, gallops and one-step skips appear, and around age
6, children can skip in a well-coordinated manner.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
A. GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
5. The first jumps appear around age 2. During the middle of the
third year, the first two- foot takeoffs and landings can be seen.
Between ages 2 and 3, children can hop a few times in succession,
and 5- and 6-year-olds can hop skillfully.

6. At ages 2 and 3, catching and throwing are awkward and stiff.

Gradually, children use their shoulders, torso, trunk, and legs to
support throwing and catching; consequently, the ball travels faster
and further.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
B. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

I. Self-Help Skills:
A. During early childhood, children gradually become self-
sufficient at dressing and feeding.

B. Shoe tying, mastered around age 6, requires a longer

attention span, memory for an intricate series of hand
movements, and the dexterity to perform them.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
B. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

II. Drawing and Writing:

A. As the young child's ability to mentally represent the

world expands, marks on the page take on definite
meaning.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
B. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

II. Drawing and Writing:

B. From Scribbles to Pictures:

1.) Scribbles- Western children begin to draw during the 2nd

year. At first, action, rather than the scribble itself, contains the
intended message.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
B. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

II. Drawing and Writing:

2) First Representational Shapes and Forms- By age 3, scribbles start to

become pictures. Use of lines to represent object boundaries permits
children to draw their first pictures of a person by age 3 or 4.

3) More Realistic Drawing- More conventional figures, in which the body is

differentiated from the arms and legs, appear by age 6
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
B. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

III. Cultural Variations in Development of Drawing

1) Children's drawings reflect the interest in art demonstrated by

other members of their culture. Children in cultures with little
interest in art produce simpler forms.
2) Schooling provides opportunities to draw and write, see pictures,
and grasp the notion that artistic forms have meanings shared by
others.
Motor Development in
Early Childhood
B. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

IV. Early Printing

1) As young children experiment with lines and shapes, notice

print in picture books, and observe people writing, they try
to print letters and, later on, words.
2) Often the first word printed is the child's name.
 AGE HEIGHT (cms.) WEIGHT (kgs.)
Physical
Development
YEARS Boys Girls Boys Girls

Average Height and 6 105 105 17.82 17.39

Weight
7 108.5 108.5 20.25 20.21
Filipino Boys and
8 113 113.5 22.45 22.25
Girls
9 117 118 24.8 24.3
6 – 11 years old
10 122 123 27.7 28.2

11 126.6 128.5 31.3 32.35

Physical Development in
Middle Childhood
I. ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT

 less rapid than in earlier years

 each year grows about 2 to 3
inches
 lower portion of body growing
fastest
 bones lengthen
 muscles become flexible
Physical Development in Middle
Childhood
II. NUTRITION & SLEEP
- essential for normal growth and health

 2, 400 calories each day

 5 years old – 11 hours
 9 years old – 10 hours
 13 years old – 9 hours
  Gross Motor Skills
Motor Skills Improvements
Development in
Little focus on eating
Middle Childhood 

 Fewer meals with family

 Too few fruits and
vegetables
 Too many fried foods
and soft drinks
 Poverty - lack of
nutritional food
Motor Development in Middle
Childhood
 Gross Motor Skills Improvements

1. Flexibility
2. Balance Agility
3. Force
Motor Development in Middle
Childhood
 Fine Motor Skills Gains

1. Writing- tends to be large at first, and legibility

gradually increases.
2. Drawing- show gains in:
Motor Development in Middle
Childhood
 Fine Motor Development

1. Organization
2. Detail
3. representation of depth

*School-age children not only depict objects in

considerable detail, they also relate them to one another as
part of an organized whole.
Motor Development in Middle
Childhood
 Individual Differences in Motor Skills

 Body build
 Family encouragement, expectations
 School & community lessons available
  EVOLUTIONARY
STANDPOINT:
Motor Development
in Middle Childhood As the child gets
older (11 years old), he
hones skeletal &
muscle development
that may channel
aggression &
competition, &
becomes a way to
establish dominance
within the peer group.
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT OF
ADOLESCENTS
THREE LEADING THEORIES OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

1. Erik Erikson – Psychosocial Theory

2. Jean Piaget - Developmental Milestone
Theory
3. Robert Havighurst – Havighurt’s Theory
 Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
STAGE APPROXIMATE DEFINING EVENT
AGE PERIOD

1. Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy (from birth- 1 year old) Mutual Affirmation

2. Autonomy vs. doubt and Toddler (1-3) “Terrible Two’s”

shame
3. Initiative vs. guilt Preschool (3-5) Play Age

4. Industry vs. Inferiority School Age (5-12) Learning new skills

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion Early Adolescence (12-18) Fidelity and devotion to friends and
causes

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation Late Adolescence (18-40) Mutually satisfying love and
affiliation

7Generativity vs. Self- Adulthood (40-65) Resolves “midlife crisis”

Absorption
8. Integrity vs. Despair Old Age (65- above 65) Wisdom, reflection, and a sense of
fulfillment
Jean Piaget
Robert Havighurst

Robert Havighurst emphasized that learning is basic and

that it continues throughout life span. Growth and Development
occurs in six stages.

 Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Early Childhood:

1. Learning to walk.
2. Learning to take solid foods
3. Learning to talk
4. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
5. Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
6. Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and
physical reality.
7. Getting ready to read
 Middle Childhood:

1. Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games.

2. Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism
3. Learning to get along with age-mates
4. Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role
5. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
6. Developing concepts necessary for everyday living.
7. Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values
8. Achieving personal independence
9. Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions
 Developmental Tasks of Adolescence:
1. Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both
sexes
2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
3. Accepting one's physique and using the body effectively
4. Achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults
5. Preparing for marriage and family life Preparing for an economic career
6. Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior;
developing an ideology
7. Desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior
 Developmental Tasks of Early Adulthood

1. Selecting a mate
2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
3. Learning to live with a marriage partner
4. Starting a family
5. Rearing children
6. Managing a home
7. Getting started in an occupation
8. Taking on civic responsibility
9. Finding a congenial social group
 Developmental Tasks of Middle Age

 1. Achieving adult civic and social responsibility

2. Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living

3. Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults

4. Developing adult leisure-time activities

5. Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person

6. Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes or middle age

7. Adjusting to aging parents.

 Developmental Tasks of Later Maturity

 1. Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health

2. Adjusting to retirement and reduced income

3. Adjusting to death of a spouse

4. Establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group

5. Meeting social and civil obligations

6. Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement

Adolescence - the period of
psychological and social transition between
childhood and adulthood. (TRANSITIONAL
STAGE)

Exert effort to develop endomorphic

bodies, spend proportionally more time and
thought on how they can improve their
looks.
 THE AGES OF ADOLESCENCE VARY BY
CULTURE

(WHO) defines adolescence as the period of

life between 10 to 19 years of age.
(US) adolescence is the period that begins
between age 12 and 14 and ends at 19 or
20. (Go through the stages of puberty)

Most cultures regard people as becoming adults at various ages of the

teenage years (13 to 19 years old)
THREE PERIODS OF ADOLESCENCE:

I. Early Adolescence - Initial period of change that

marks the adolescent stage (from age 10 to 14)

II. Middle Adolescence -marked by increased

independence in decision making and increased time
away from home and with peers (ages 15 to 17)

III. Late Adolescence -final years of the adolescent

period. Separating from one’s parents and gaining
independence are tasks that mark the lives of many
young people during their late adolescent years (ages 18
to 22)
ADOLESCENT GROWTH
 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT DURING
ADOLESCENCE

Gross and Fine Motor skills improve

continuously during adolescence.
Adolescence can do more complex and
strenuous activities compare when they
were in their middle childhood.
Puberty
This is the emergent of
primary and secondary sex
characteristics and the point
Which the individual becomes
physically capable of sexual
reproduction.
“A distinct event marked by the
achievement of Reproductive Maturity”

Reproductive Maturity –the completion

of sexual development, when females can
conceive a child and males can impregnate
females.
Physical Maturation –comprises all the
physical changes, including bone growth,
changes in the body composition and
changes in motor performance.
PUBERTY, HORMONES, AND PHYSICAL
CHANGES

The Role of Central Nervous System

Physical development is controlled by the Central
Nervous System (CNS) and regulated, for the most
part by the endocrine system (Chulea,1982)
Biochemical agents called Hormones
(endocrine system, includes thyroid gland, the pituitary body, and
other endocrine gland)
Hormones affect behavior and physical
development when release into the blood system
in sufficient quantities.
The Growth Hormone
stimulates physical growth
Fatigue, exercise, diet, rest, and stress affect the
level of the growth hormone in an individual

Skeletal Growth and the Growth Spurt

the rapid skeletal growth is called the growth spurt
It is marked by rapid changes in height as well as in body
weight.
It begins about 2 years earlier for girls than for boys
thereby producing lesser skeletons and thus, larger statures
for males (Chumlea, 1982; Malina 1990)
CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION
Female Characteristics Age of first Appearance

Growth of breast 6-13

Growth of pubic hair 6-14

Body Growth 9.5-14.5

Menarche 10-16.5

Underarm hair About 2 years after appearance

of pubic hair
Increased output of oil- and About the same time as
sweat producing glands which appearance of underarm hair
may lead to acne
Male Characteristics Age of first Appearance
Growth of Testes, scrotal sac 10-13.5
Growth of pubic hair 12-16
Body growth 10.5-16
Growth of Penis, prostate gland 11-14.5
Seminal Vesicles
Change in voice About the same time as growth
of penis
First ejaculation of semen About 1 year after beginning of
growth of penis
Facial and underarm hair About 2 years after appearance
of pubic hair
Increased output of oil- and About the same time as
sweat producing glands which appearance of underarm hair.
may lead to acne
EXAMPLE:
TE 10

1. CAFÉ
2. LOZANO
3. MILITARES
4. FUENTES
References:
Ekky, A. (2013). Physical development in early childhood.
https://www.slideshare.net/adrianekky/physical-
development-in-early-childhood. Retrieved on: November 17,
2018

Ramirez, RJ. (2017). Middle Childhood: Physical Development.

https://www.slideshare.net/russeljuneramirez/middle-childhood-
physical-development. Retrieved on: November 18, 2018