Module 6

Induction Motor Torques

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 Induction Motor Torques
1. Full-Load Torque – It is the torque developed by the motor
under running conditions.

𝟑 𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝑬𝑩𝑹 𝟐 𝑹𝑹
𝑻𝑭𝑳 =
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑺 𝑹𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑹 𝟐

Where:
TFL = full-load torque in N-m
NS = synchronous speed in rps
 Sample Problems
1. The rotor resistance and standstill reactance of a 3-phase
induction motor are respectively 0.015 Ω and 0.09 Ω per phase.
At normal voltage, the full-load slip is 3%. Determine the
percentage reduction in stator voltage to develop full-load torque
at half full-load speed. Also, calculate the power factor at half
full load.

Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑁𝑆 = 1,000 𝑟𝑝𝑚

At full-load,

𝑁𝑅𝐹𝐿 = 1 − 𝑠𝐹𝐿 𝑁𝑆 𝑁𝑅𝐹𝐿 = 1 − 0.03 (1,000)

𝑁𝑅𝐹𝐿 = 970 𝑟𝑝𝑚

At half full-load,
1 1
𝑁𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑁𝑅𝐹𝐿 𝑁𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 970 𝑁𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 485 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2 2

𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁𝑅𝐻𝐿 1,000 − 485 𝑠𝐻𝐿 = 0.52

𝑠𝐻𝐿 = 𝑠𝐻𝐿 =
𝑁𝑆 1,000

For an induction motor,

3 𝑠 𝐸𝑆 /𝑎 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 2

3 𝑠𝐹𝐿 (𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿 /𝑎)2 𝑅𝑅

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = → 𝑒𝑞. (1)
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑠𝐹𝐿 𝑋𝐵𝑅 2

3 𝑠𝐻𝐿 (𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿 /𝑎)2 𝑅𝑅

𝑇𝐻𝐿 = → 𝑒𝑞. (2)
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑠𝐻𝐿 𝑋𝐵𝑅 2
Since the induction motor is developing full-load torque even at half
full-load speed, the torque is constant (𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝐻𝐿 )

3 𝑠𝐹𝐿 (𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿 /𝑎)2 𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝐻𝐿 (𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿 /𝑎)2 𝑅𝑅

2 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑠𝐹𝐿 𝑋𝐵𝑅 2 2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑠𝐻𝐿 𝑋𝐵𝑅 2

0.03 (𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿 )2 0.52 (𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿 )2

2 = 2
0.015 2 + 0.03 0.09 0.015 2 + 0.52 0.09

129.15(𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿 )2 = 215.30(𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿 )2

𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿 = 1.29𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿

𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 100%
𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
For the percentage reduction in stator voltage to develop full-load
torque at half full-load speed

𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿 − 𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿
% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑆 = × 100%
𝐸𝑆𝐹𝐿
1.29𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿 − 𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿
% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑆 = × 100%
1.29𝐸𝑆𝐻𝐿

% 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑬𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟖%

For the power factor at half full-load

𝑍𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑠𝐻𝐿 𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 0.015 + 𝑗 0.52 0.09

𝑍𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 0.05∠72.23° Ω

𝑝𝑓𝐻𝐿 = cos 𝜃 𝑝𝑓𝐻𝐿 = cos 72.23°

𝒑𝒇𝑯𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈
 Sample Problems
2. A 3-φ induction motor is driving full-load torque which is
independent of speed. If line voltage drops to 90% of the
rated value, find the percentage increase in motor copper
losses.
Solution:

In general, the torque of an induction motor is given by

3 𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 2

2
Neglecting 𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 and 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 𝐸𝑆 /𝑎

3 𝑠 𝐸𝑆 /𝑎 2
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅
 3 𝑠1 (𝐸𝑆1 /𝑎)2 3 𝑠2 (𝐸𝑆2 /𝑎)2
𝑇1 = → 𝑒𝑞. (1) 𝑇2 = → 𝑒𝑞. (2)
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅

Since the induction motor is driving full-load torque which is

independent of speed, the torque is constant (𝑇1 = 𝑇2 )

Equating eq. (1) and eq. (2),

3 𝑠1 (𝐸𝑆1 /𝑎)2 3 𝑠2 (𝐸𝑆2 /𝑎)2

=
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅

Simplifying,
𝑠1 𝐸𝑆1 2 = 𝑠2 𝐸𝑆2 2 𝐸𝑆 2 = 0.9𝐸𝑆 1
𝑠1 𝐸𝑆1 2 = 𝑠2 (0.9𝐸𝑆1 )2
𝑠1 = 0.81𝑠2
Recall,
𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 =
𝑍𝑅 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 2

2
Neglecting 𝑠𝑋𝐵𝑅 and 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 𝐸𝑆 /𝑎

𝑠 𝐸𝑆 Τ𝑎
𝐼𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅
2
𝑠 𝐸𝑆 Τ𝑎
𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 2 𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅

2 2
𝑠1 𝐸𝑆1 Τ𝑎 𝑠2 𝐸𝑆2 Τ𝑎
𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅1 = → 𝑒𝑞. (1) 𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅2 = → 𝑒𝑞. (2)
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 100%
𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
In this case,
𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅2 − 𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅1
% 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = × 100%
𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑅1

𝑠2 (𝐸𝑆2 Τ𝑎) 2 𝑠 (𝐸 Τ𝑎) 2

− 1 𝑆1
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
% 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = × 100%
𝑠1 𝐸𝑆1 2
𝑅𝑅

𝐸𝑆 2 = 0.9𝐸𝑆 1 𝑠1 = 0.81𝑠2
2 2
0.9𝑠2 𝐸𝑆 1 − 0.81𝑠2 𝐸𝑆1
% 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = × 100%
0.81𝑠2 𝐸𝑆1 2

%𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟓%

 Sample Problems
3. A 230-V, 6-pole, 3-φ, 50-Hz, 15-kW induction motor drives
a constant torque load at rated frequency, rated voltage
and rated kW output and has a speed of 980 rpm and an
efficiency of 93%. Calculate (a) the new operating speed if
there is a 10% drop in voltage and 5% drop in frequency
and (b) the new output power. Assume all losses to remain
constant.
Solution:
𝐸𝑆1 = 230 𝑉 𝐸𝑆2 = 0.9 230 = 207 𝑉
𝑓1 = 50 𝐻𝑧 𝑓2 = 0.95 50 = 47.5 𝐻𝑧
120 50 120 47.5
𝑁𝑆1 = = 1,000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑁𝑆2 = = 950 𝑟𝑝𝑚
6 6
1,000 − 980
𝑠1 = = 0.02
1,000
For an induction motor,
3 𝑠 𝐸𝑆 /𝑎 2 3 𝑠1 (𝐸𝑆1 /𝑎)2
𝑇= 𝑇1 = → 𝑒𝑞. (1)
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝑁𝑆1 𝑅𝑅

3 𝑠2 (𝐸𝑆2 /𝑎)2
𝑇2 = → 𝑒𝑞. (2)
2𝜋𝑁𝑆2 𝑅𝑅

Since the induction motor is driving a constant load toque (𝑇1 = 𝑇2 )

Equating eq. (1) and eq. (2),
3 𝑠1 (𝐸𝑆1 /𝑎)2 3 𝑠2 (𝐸𝑆2 /𝑎)2
=
2𝜋𝑁𝑆1 𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝑁𝑆2 𝑅𝑅
1 2
1 2
0.02 230 = 𝑠2 207
1,000 950

19
𝑠2 =
810
(a) the new operating speed if there is a 10% drop in voltage
and 5% drop in frequency

19
𝑁𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑠2 𝑁𝑆2 𝑁𝑅2 = 1− 950
810

𝑵𝑹𝟐 = 𝟗𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟐 𝒓𝒑𝒎

(b) the new output power

Recall,
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2
𝑇𝑅 = 9.55 𝑇𝑅1 = 9.55 𝑇𝑅2 = 9.55
𝑁𝑅 𝑁𝑅1 𝑁𝑅2

Since the induction motor is driving a constant load toque (𝑇𝑅1 = 𝑇𝑅2 )
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2
9.55 = 9.55
𝑁𝑅1 𝑁𝑅2
 𝑁𝑅2 927.72
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = 15
𝑁𝑅1 980

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑾
 Sample Problems
4. A 3-phase induction motor having a 6-pole, star-connected
stator winding runs on 240-V, 50-Hz supply. The rotor
resistance and standstill reactance are 0.12 ohm and 0.85 ohm
per phase. The ratio of stator to rotor turns is 1.8. Full load slip
is 4%. Calculate (a) the developed torque at full load and (b) the
maximum torque.
Solution:
𝐸𝑆 240Τ 3
𝑎= 1.8 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 76.98 𝑉
𝐸𝐵𝑅 𝐸𝐵𝑅

120𝑓 120 50
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 1,000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 6
(a) the developed torque at full load

3 𝑠𝐹𝐿 𝐸𝐵𝑅 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝐹𝐿 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑅 2

3 0.04 76.98 2 0.12

𝑇𝐹𝐿 =
2𝜋 1,000Τ60 0.12 2 + 0.04 0.85 2

𝑻𝑭𝑳 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟖 𝑵 − 𝒎
(b) the maximum torque
The condition for maximum torque under running conditions
𝑅𝑅 0.12
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.14
𝑋𝐵𝑅 0.85
3 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸𝐵𝑅 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑅 2

3 0.14 76.98 2 0.12

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝜋 1,000Τ60 0.12 2 + 0.14 0.85 2

𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎
 Induction Motor Torques
2. Starting Torque – It is the torque developed by the motor at the
instant of starting.

𝟑 𝑬𝑩𝑹 𝟐 𝑹𝑹 Where:
𝑻𝒔𝒕 = Tst = starting torque in N-m
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑺 𝑹𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑹 𝟐

• Condition for Maximum Starting Torque

Differentiating the Tst with respect to rotor resistance RR and
then equating to zero,

𝑹𝑹 = 𝑿𝑩𝑹
 Sample Problems
5. A 150-kW, 3000-V, 50-Hz, 6-pole star-connected induction
motor has a star-connected slip-ring rotor with a transformation
ratio of 3.6 (stator/rotor). The rotor resistance is 0.1 Ω/phase
and its per phase leakage inductance is 3.61 mH. The stator
impedance may be neglected. Find (a) the magnitude of the
starting stator current and (b) starting torque on rated voltage
with short-circuited slip rings.
Solution:

𝐸𝑆 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 3,000Τ 3

𝑎= 3.6 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 481.13 𝑉
𝐸𝐵𝑅 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝐸𝐵𝑅
Let 𝐸𝐵𝑅 be the reference voltage

𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 481.13∠0° 𝑉
𝑋𝐵𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑋𝐵𝑅 = 2𝜋 50 3.61 × 10−3 𝑋𝐵𝑅 = 1.13 Ω

At start, s = 1

𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅 = 0.1 + 𝑗1.13 Ω

(a) For the magnitude of the starting stator current

𝐸𝐵𝑅 481.13∠0°
𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑡 = 424.12∠ − 84.94° 𝐴
𝑍𝑅 0.1 + 𝑗1.13

𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 424.12
𝑎= 3.6 = 𝑰𝑺𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟏 𝑨
𝐼𝑆 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑆𝑠𝑡
(b) For the starting torque on rated voltage with short-circuited
slip rings

3 𝐸𝐵𝑅 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑁𝑆 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑅 2

120𝑓 120 50
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 1,000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 6
3 481.13 2 0.1
𝑇𝑠𝑡 =
2𝜋 1,000Τ60 0.1 2 + 1.13 2

𝑻𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟏 𝑵 − 𝒎
 Sample Problems
6. A 3-phase, 400-V, star-connected induction motor has a star-
connected rotor with a stator to rotor turn ratio of 6.5. The rotor
resistance and standstill reactance per phase are 0.05 Ω and
0.25 Ω respectively. (a) What should be the value of external
resistance per phase to be inserted in the rotor circuit to obtain
maximum torque at starting and (b) what will be rotor starting
current with this resistance?
Solution:
The condition for maximum starting torque

𝑅𝑅 = 𝑋𝐵𝑅

𝑅𝑅 = 0.25 Ω
(a) Let R be the value of external resistance per phase to be
inserted in the rotor circuit to obtain maximum torque at
starting

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅 0.25 = 0.05 + 𝑅

𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝛀

𝐸𝑆 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 400Τ 3

𝑎= 6.5 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 35.53 𝑉
𝐸𝐵𝑅 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝐸𝐵𝑅
Let 𝐸𝐵𝑅 be the reference voltage

𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 35.53∠0° 𝑉

At start, s = 1

𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑍𝑅 = 0.25 + 𝑗0.25 Ω

(b) For rotor starting current with this resistance

𝐸𝐵𝑅 35.53∠0°°
𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑡 =
𝑍𝑅 0.25 + 𝑗0.25

𝑰𝑹𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟗∠ − 𝟒𝟓° 𝑨

 Induction Motor Torques
3. Maximum Torque
The maximum torque developed by the motor is:

𝟑 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑬𝑩𝑹 𝟐 𝑹𝑹
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑺 𝑹𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑿𝑹 𝟐

• Condition for Maximum Torque under Running Conditions

Differentiating the Tmax with respect to slip s and then
equating to zero,
𝑹𝑹
𝑹𝑹 = 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑿𝑩𝑹 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝒂=
𝑿𝑩𝑹

Where: smax = slip at maximum torque

 Induction Motor Torques
4. Rotor Torque and Maximum Torque
The rotor torque at any slip s can be expressed in terms of
maximum (or breakdown) torque by:

𝟐 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑻𝑹 = 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑵𝑺
+
𝒔 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙

Where: TR = rotor torque at any slip s

Tmax = maximum or breakdown torque
smax = maximum, breakdown or pull-out slip
 Sample Problems
7. Calculate the torque exerted by an 8-pole, 50-Hz, 3-phase
induction motor operating with a 4 per cent slip which
develops a maximum torque of 150 kg-m at a speed of
660 rpm. The resistance per phase of the rotor is 0.5 Ω.
Solution:
120𝑓 120 50
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 750 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 8
𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁𝑅 750 − 660
𝑠= 𝑠= 𝑠 = 0.12
𝑁𝑆 750

2 2
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠 𝑠 𝑇𝑅 = 150
𝑚𝑎𝑥
+ 0.04 0.12
𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 +
0.12 0.04

𝑻𝑹 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒌𝒈 − 𝒎
 Induction Motor Torques
5. Full-load Torque and Maximum Torque
The relationship between the full-load torque and maximum
torque is given by:

𝟐𝒂𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝑹𝑹
𝑻𝑭𝑳 = 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂=
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒔𝑭𝑳 𝟐 𝑿𝑩𝑹

Where: TFL = full-load torque

sFL = full-load slip

In general,

𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔 𝟐𝒂𝒔

= 𝟐
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒂 + 𝒔𝟐
 Sample Problems
8. A 3-phase, 50-Hz, 8-pole, induction motor has full-load slip of
2%. The rotor resistance and stand still rotor-reactance per
phase are 0.001 ohm and 0.005 ohm respectively. Find (a) the
ratio of the maximum to full-load torque and (b) the speed at
which the maximum torque occurs.
Solution:
(a) the ratio of the maximum to full-load torque
2𝑎𝑠𝐹𝐿
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑠𝐹𝐿 2
𝑅𝑅 0.001
𝑎= 𝑎= 𝑎 = 0.20
𝑋𝐵𝑅 0.005
2 0.20 0.02 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟓
0.20 2 + 0.02 2 𝑻𝑭𝒍
(b) the speed at which the maximum torque occurs

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 = 0.2
120𝑓 120 50
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 750 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 8

𝑁𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑁𝑆

𝑁𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 − 0.2 750

𝑵𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎

 Sample Problems
9. A 12-pole, 3-phase, 600-V, 50-Hz, star-connected, induction
motor has rotor-resistance and stand-still reactance of 0.03 and
0.5 ohm per phase respectively. Calculate the ratio of full-load
torque to maximum torque, if the full-load speed is 495 rpm.
Solution:
2𝑎𝑠𝐹𝐿
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑠𝐹𝐿 2
𝑅𝑅 0.03
𝑎= 𝑎= 𝑎 = 0.06
𝑋𝐵𝑅 0.5
120𝑓 120 50
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑁𝑆 = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 12

𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁𝑅𝐹𝐿 500 − 495

𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 𝑠= 𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 0.01
𝑁𝑆 500
 2𝑎𝑠𝐹𝐿
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑠𝐹𝐿 2

2 0.06 0.01
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.06 2 + 0.01 2

𝑻𝑭𝑳
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
 Induction Motor Torques
6. Starting Torque and Maximum Torque
The relationship between starting torque and maximum
torque is given by:

𝟐𝒂
𝑻𝒔𝒕 = 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐

𝟐𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑻𝒔𝒕 = 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟐
 Sample Problems
10. A 3-phase, 400/200-V, Y-Y connected wound-rotor induction
motor has 0.06 Ω rotor resistance and 0.3 Ω standstill reactance
per phase. Find the additional resistance required in the rotor
circuit to make the starting torque equal to the maximum torque
of the motor.

Solution:
2𝑎
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 + 𝑎2
2𝑎
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 1 = 0
1 + 𝑎2
𝑎=1
Let R be additional resistance required in the rotor circuit to make
the starting torque equal to the maximum torque of the motor

𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅
𝑎=
𝑋𝐵𝑅

0.06 + 𝑅
1= 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝛀
0.3
 Sample Problems
11. The rotor resistance and reactance per phase of a 4-pole, 50-
Hz, 3-phase induction motor are 0.025 ohm and 0.12 ohm
respectively. Find value of additional rotor resistance per phase
required to give three-fourth of maximum torque at starting.
Solution:
2𝑎 3
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 + 𝑎2 4

3 2𝑎
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 3𝑎2 − 8𝑎 + 3 = 0
4 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + 𝑎2
𝑎 = 2.22 → 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 (too big)
𝑎 = 0.45
Let R be value of additional rotor resistance per phase required to
give three-fourth of maximum torque at starting

𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅
𝑎=
𝑋𝐵𝑅

0.025 + 𝑅
0.45 = 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗 𝛀
0.12
 Sample Problems
12. For a 3-phase slip-ring induction motor, the maximum torque is
2.5 times the full-load torque and the starting torque is 1.5 times
the full-load torque. Determine the percentage reduction in rotor
circuit resistance to get a full-load slip of 3%. Neglect stator
impedance.
Solution:

𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 1.5𝑇𝐹𝐿 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5𝑇𝐹𝐿

𝑇𝑠𝑡 1.5𝑇𝐹𝐿
= 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 0.6𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 2.5𝑇𝐹𝐿
2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.6𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 + 𝑎2 1 + 𝑎2
0.6𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 0.6 = 0
𝑎1 = 3 → 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 (too big) 𝑎1 = 0.33
 2𝑎𝑠𝐹𝐿 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.5𝑇𝐹𝐿
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑠𝐹𝐿 2

2𝑎(0.03)
𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 2.5𝑇𝐹𝐿
𝑎2 + (0.03)^2
𝑎2 − 0.15𝑎 − 0.0009 = 0
𝑎1 = 0.14 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑠 3%
𝑎1 = 0.0063 → 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 (too small)
Recall,
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑎𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑅𝑅1 = 𝑎1 𝑋𝐵𝑅 𝑅𝑅2 = 𝑎2 𝑋𝐵𝑅

𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 100%
𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 𝑅𝑅1 − 𝑅𝑅2
% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑅 = × 100%
𝑅𝑅1

𝑎1 𝑋𝐵𝑅 − 𝑎2 𝑋𝐵𝑅
% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑅 = × 100%
𝑎1 𝑋𝐵𝑅

𝑎1 − 𝑎2
% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑅 = × 100%
𝑎1

0.33 − 0.14
% 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑅 = × 100%
0.33

% 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝑹 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟕%