Chapter IV

Histology
Tissues
 groups of cells which are similar in
structure and which perform
common or related functions.
 Types of tissues:
1. Epithelial – lining and covering

2. Connective – support

3. Muscle – movement

4. Nervous – control
 Connective Tissue
Membrane
 Synovial membrane
 lines the cavity of a freely movable
joint.
 For example, synovial membranes
surround the joints of the shoulder,
elbow, and knee. Fibroblasts in the
inner layer of the synovial membrane
release hyaluronan in to the joint
cavity.
 Epithelial Membrane
 Mucous membrane
Line the body cavities and hollow
passageways that open to the external
environment.
 Serous membrane
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
 Epithelial Membrane
 Cutaneous membrane
Skin
covered with dead, keratinized cells that
help protect the body from desiccation
and pathogens
 Epithelial Tissue –
General Characteristics & Functions

 Covers a body surface or lines a body

cavity
 Forms most glands
 Functions of epithelium
 Protection
 Absorption, secretion, and ion transport
 Filtration
 Forms slippery surfaces
Types of Epithelial Tissues
 First name of tissue indicates number of
layers
 Simple – one layer of
cells

 Stratified– more than

one layer of cells
 Types of Epithelial Tissues
 Last name of tissue describes shape of
cells
 Squamous – flat or irregularly
shaped cells

 Cuboidal – cells are as wide

as tall, as in cubes

 Columnar – cells are taller than

they are wide, like columns
Naming Epithelia
 Naming the epithelia includes
both the layers (first) and the
shape of the cells (second)
i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
 Function
 Filtration
&
Exchange of gases
 Location
 Kidney
 Lungs

Simple squamous
lining the walls of
the capillary
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

 Function
 secretion and absorption
 Location
 kidney tubules, secretory
portions of small glands,
ovary & thyroid follicles
Simple Columnar Epithelium

 Location
 Non-ciliated form
 Lines digestive tract,
gallbladder, ducts of
some glands
 Ciliated form
 Lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, uterus
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

 Locations
 Non-ciliated type
 Ducts of male
reproductive tubes
 Ducts of large glands

 Ciliated variety
 Lines trachea and most
of upper respiratory
tract
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 Function
 Protectsunderlying tissues in
areas subject to abrasion
 Location
 Keratinized – forms epidermis
 Non-keratinized – forms lining of
esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Simple cuboidal
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous
Pseudostratified columnar
Simple columnar
Glandular Epithelial
 Gland- one or more cells which make and secretes
substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.
 Endocrine glands- do not have ducts but secrete their
products into the blood (hormones)
 Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
 Exocrine glands- secrete their products into one or more
ducts that open into the skin or mucous membrane.
 Sweat, salivary and mammary glands
 Pancreas, ovaries, and testes have both
Types of secretions:
 Serous
 mostly water but also contains some enzymes
 Ex. parotid glands, pancreas
 Mucous
 mucus secretions
 Ex. sublingual glands, goblet cells
 Mixes
 serous & mucus combined
 Ex. submandibular gland
Connective Tissue
 Most diverse and abundant tissue
 Main classes
Connective tissue proper
Blood – Fluid connective tissue
Cartilage
Supporting connective tissues
Bone tissue
Connective Tissue Proper -
Classifications
 Loose Connective Tissue
 Areolar
 Reticular
 Adipose

 Dense Connective Tissue

 Fibrous
 Elastic
Loose Connective
Tissue
Areolar
Reticular
Adipose
Areolar Connective Tissue
 Function
 Packages organs
 Surrounds capillaries
 Found in muscle
fibers
 Reticular Connective
Tissue
 Function – form a soft,
internal skeleton (stroma)
– supports other cell
types
 Location – lymphoid
organs
 Lymph nodes, bone
marrow, and spleen
Adipose Tissue
 Description
 Provides reserve
food fuel
 Insulates against
heat loss
 Supports and
protects organs
Dense Connective Tissue
(Regular & Irregular)
Fibrous
Elastic
Fibrous  Found in tendons and
ligaments which is
made up of fibroblasts
 Tendons attach
skeletal muscle to
bones
 Ligaments support
bone to bone
 Used for tensile
strength
Elastic
 Composed of elastic fibers with fibroblasts
 Found in the walls of the arteries, bronchial
tubes, and vocal cords
 Strong, can recoil to original shape
Blood Tissue
 Description
 red and white blood cells
in a fluid matrix
 Function
 transportof respiratory
gases, nutrients, and wastes
 Location
 within blood vessels
 Characteristics
 Anatypical connective tissue
 Consists of cells surrounded by fluid matrix
Cartilage
A strong but flexible material
found in soft parts of the body.
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone Tissue
 Function
 Supports and protects
organs
 Provides levers and
attachment site for
muscles
 Stores calcium and
other minerals
 Stores fat
 Marrow is site for blood
cell formation
 Location
 Bones
Types of Connective Tissue
Bone
 Osteoblasts: immature bone cells
 Produce the organic portion of the matrix;
then bone salts are deposited on and
between the fibers
 Osteocytes: mature bone cells
 Reside in the lacunae (cavity in bone or
cartilage) within the matrix they have made
 Unlike cartilage, the next firmest connective
tissue
Muscle Tissue
Types
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 Characteristics
 Long, cylindrical cells
 Multinucleate
 Obvious striations
 Function
 Voluntary movement
 Manipulation of
environment
 Facial expression
 Location
 Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
 Function
 Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
 Characteristics
 Branching cells
 Uni-nucleate
 Intercalated discs

 Location
 Occurs in walls of heart
Smooth Muscle Tissue
 Characteristics
 Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
 Arranged closely to form
sheets
 No striations
 Function
 Propels substances along
internal passageways
 Involuntary control
 Location
 Mostly walls of hollow organs
Nervous Tissue
 Function
 Transmit electrical signals
from sensory receptors to
effectors
 Location
 Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
 Description
 Main components are brain,
spinal cord, and nerves
 Contains two types of cells
 Neurons – excitatory cells
 Supporting cells (neuroglial cells)
Neuron
A cell that carries messages between
the brain and other parts of the body.
 Dendrite – conduct impulses toward the
cell body
 Cell body – the nucleus-containing
central part of a neuron
 Axon – conduct impulses away the cell
body
 Terminal bulb – connects to another
dendrite/s of another neuron
Tissue Response to Injury
 Restoration involves
Inflammation
Regeneration (repair)

 Inflammation
Due to something that damages/kills
cells or fibers or in some way damage
tissue, causing . . .
 Swelling
 Redness
 Pain
Tissue Response to Injury
 Goal:
Restore normal function to tissue
 Process:
Fibroblasts activated to produce
fibrous tissue
TISSUE REPAIR
 When tissue injury occurs, the
responses usually take place in
connective tissue
 Tissue repair occurs in two ways:
Regeneration:
Replacement of destroyed tissue
with the same kind of tissue
Fibrosis:
Involves proliferation of fibrous
connective tissue called scar
tissue
Steps of Tissue Repair
 Three steps are involved in the
tissue repair process:
 1. Inflammation (a)
Allows white blood cells
(neutrophils, monocytes,) and
plasma fluid rich in clotting
proteins, antibodies, and other
substances to seep into the
injured area
Steps of Tissue Repair
 2.Organization restores the blood
supply (b)
Blood clot is replaced by granulation
tissue:
A delicate pink tissue composed of
several elements:
 Contains capillaries that grow in from nearby
areas and lay down a new capillary bed
 Granulation tissue is actually named for
these capillaries, which protrude nublike
from its surface, giving it a granular
appearance
Steps of Tissue Repair
 3.Regenerationand fibrosis
effect permanent repair (c):
Surface epithelium begins to
regenerate
 Asthe fibrous tissue beneath matures
and contracts, the regenerating
epithelium thickens until it finally
resembles that of the adjacent skin
End result is a fully regenerated
epithelium, and an underlying area
of scar tissue
TISSUE REPAIR