REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

CHAPTER TWO:
Limit State Design for
Shear
 • The ULS Design of Beams for Shear
• Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams
• Behavior of Beams Failing in Shear
• Factors Affecting The Shear Strength of Beams

Presentation Without Web Reinforcement

outline • Design of Beams for Vertical Shear According to ES
EN 1992-1-1-2015
• Members not Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement
• Members Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement
• Procedure For Design
THE ULS DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR
 Beams are designed for flexure and then the influences of other

actions on its capacity are assumed.

 The ULS of shear is characterized by either diagonal compression

failure of concrete or failure of the web reinforcement due to

diagonal tension.

 When a beam is subjected to flexure and shear, the shear resistance

in the absence of shear reinforcement is contributed by concrete

compression zone, mechanical interlock of aggregate at the crack
and dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement. The
contributions of the later two are difficult to quantify.
 THE ULS DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR CONT…
 Hence, the resistance to a diagonal tension is obtained as the sum of

the resistance of the web reinforcement and the concrete section.

 In checking this resistance, the critical section for shear is assessed a

distance d from the face of support.

 DIAGONAL TENSION IN HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC BEAMS

 The stresses acting in homogenous beams can be derived from mechanics of

elastic materials.
𝑣𝑄
 Shear stresses v = act at any section in addition to the bending stresses.
𝐼𝑏
𝑀𝑦
 Bending stresses  = except for those locations at which the shear force V
𝐼

happens to be zero.
Consider figure on NS
It consists of two rectangular pieces bonded together along the contact
surface.
 If the adhesive is strong enough, the member will deform as one single beam, as
shown in a . Or
 If the adhesive is weak, the two pieces will separate and slide relative to each
other, as shown in b .
DIAGONAL TENSION IN HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC BEAMS CONT…
The figure in d shows a differential length of a single-piece rectangular beam
acted upon by a shear force of magnitude V.

 Upward translation is prevented; i.e., vertical equilibrium is provided by the

vertical shear stressesV3.

 Their average value is equal to the shear force divided by the cross-sectional

𝑣𝑄
area 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = , but their intensity varies over the depth of the section.
𝑎𝑏

 The shear stress is zero at the outer fibers and has a maximum of1.5 𝑣𝑎𝑣 at

the neutral axis, the variation being parabolic.

 At any point within the beam, the horizontal shear stresses of are equal in

magnitude to the vertical shear stresses.

DIAGONAL TENSION IN HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC BEAMS CONT…
Consider the following laminated beam on the Figure
BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS FAILING IN SHEAR
We can see behavior of beams in this two cases:
a. Behavior of beams without web reinforcement

b. Behavior of beams with web reinforcement

 BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS WITHOUT WEB REINFORCEMENT
 The forces transferring shear across an inclined crack in a beam

without web reinforcements are illustrated in Figure bellows:

BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS WITHOUT WEB REINFORCEMENT CONT…
 Shear is transferred across line A-B-C by 𝑣𝑐𝑦 , the shear in the
compression zone, by 𝑣a𝑦 , the vertical component of the shear transferred
across the crack by interlock of the aggregate particles on the two faces of
the crack, and by 𝑣𝑑 , the dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement.

 Immediately after inclined cracking, as much as 40% to 60% of the total

shear is carried by 𝑣𝑑 and 𝑣a𝑦 together.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS WITHOUT WEB REINFORCEMENT

 Beams without web reinforcement will fail when inclined cracking occurs or shortly

afterwards. For this reason, the shear capacity of such members is taken equal to the
inclined cracking shear.

The inclined cracking load of a beam is affected by five principal variables, some included in
design equations and others not. These are:

1. Tensile strength of concrete

2. Longitudinal reinforcement ratio,𝑤

a
3. Shear span to depth ratio,
𝑑

4. Lightweight aggregate concrete

5. Size of beam

6. Axial forces

7. Coarse aggregate size

BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS WITH WEB REINFORCEMENT CONT…
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR VERTICAL SHEAR ACCORDING TO ES EN 1992-1-1-2015

a. The shear resistance of a member with shear reinforcement is equal to:

𝑣𝑅𝑑 = 𝑣𝑟𝑑,𝑠

b. In regions of the member where , 𝑣𝐸𝑑  𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 , no calculated shear

reinforcement is necessary

c. In regions where, 𝑣𝐸𝑑 > 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 , sufficient shear reinforcement should be

provided in order that 𝑣𝐸𝑑  𝑣𝑅𝑑

d. The design shear force should not exceed the permitted maximum value ,
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , anywhere in the member.
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR VERTICAL SHEAR ACCORDING TO ES EN 1992-1-1-2015 CONT…

Where

𝑣𝐸𝑑 - is the design shear force in the section considered resulting from the external
loading.

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 - is the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑠 - is the design value of the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding
shear reinforcement

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − is the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained
by the member, limited by crushing of the compression struts.
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR VERTICAL SHEAR ACCORDING TO ES EN 1992-1-1-2015 CONT

For members subject to mainly uniformly distributed loading, the design

shear force need not be checked at a distance less that d from the face of the
support.

Any shear reinforcement required should continue to the support. In

addition it should be verified that the shear at the support does not exceed
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR VERTICAL SHEAR ACCORDING TO ES EN 1992-1-1-2015 CONT

Design of Beams for Vertical Shear According to ES EN 1992-1-1-2015

1. Members not Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement

2. Members Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement

3. Additional Tensile Force in Longitudinal Reinforcement

4. Minimum Area and Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement

5. Procedure For Design

MEMBERS NOT REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
The design value for the shear resistance, 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 is given by:

1
[𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 k (1001 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) Τ3 + 𝑘1 𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 d
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = max ൝
[𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 +𝑘1 𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 d

where:

 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is in Mpa

200
 k = 1+  2.0 with d in mm
𝑑

𝐴𝑠1
 1 =  0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑

 𝐴𝑠1 - is the area of the tensile reinforcement

 𝑏𝑤 - is the smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area (mm)

𝑁𝐸𝑑
 𝑐𝑝 = ൗ𝐴𝑐  0.2𝑓𝑐𝑑 (MPa)
 MEMBERS NOT REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT CONT…
 𝑁𝐸𝑑 - is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading or pre-stressing in newton

(𝑁𝐸𝑑 > 0 for compression).The influence of imposed deformations on 𝑁𝐸 may be ignored

 𝐴𝑐 - is the area of concrete cross section [𝑚𝑚2 ]

 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 −is in newton

The recommended value for

𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18Τ𝑟𝑐

3Τ 1Τ
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 * 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2

𝑘1 = 0.15

The design of members with shear reinforcement is based on a truss model.

The angle θ should be limited. The recommended limits are 1  cot  2.5
 MEMBERS REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance,𝑣𝑅𝑑 is the smaller value of:

𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = z𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 cot  and
𝑠

𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 zv1𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(cot  + tan )

Where:

 𝐴𝑠𝑤 - is the cross- sectional area of the shear reinforcement

 s - is the spacing of the stirrup

 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 - is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement

 V1 - follows from the expression below

For reinforced and pre-stressed members, if the design stress of the shear reinforcement is
below 80% of the characteristic yield stress 𝑓𝑦𝑘 .
MEMBERS REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT CONT…
• The value of v can be taken as:

v1 = 0.6, for 𝑓𝑐𝑘  60𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐𝑘
v1 = 0.9 - 200 > 0.5, for 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≥ 60𝑀𝑃𝑎

• The recommended value of 𝑐𝑤 =1 for non – pre stressed structures.

• The maximum effective cross- sectional area of the shear reinforcement 𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 given by:

𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 1
𝑏𝑤 𝑠
 2
𝑐𝑤 𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑

 For members with inclined shear reinforcement, the shear resistance is the smaller value of

𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 𝑠
z𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 (cot  + cot ) sin

𝑐 b𝑤zv f𝑐d (cot+ tan)

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 )
The maximum effective shear reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,follows from
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑
1
𝑐 𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑏𝑤 𝑠
 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠
 ADDITIONAL TENSILE FORCE IN LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

 The longitudinal tension reinforcement should be able to resist the additional

tensile force caused by shear.

 The additional tensile force, 𝐹𝑡𝑑 , in the longitudinal reinforcement due to shear

𝑉𝐸𝑑 may be calculated from:

𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5 𝑉𝐸𝑑 (cot -cot )

𝑀𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝐸𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
( ) + 𝐹𝑡𝑑 should be taken not greater than
𝑧 𝑧
MINIMUM AREA AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
𝐴𝑠𝑤
 The ratio of shear reinforcement is given by 𝑤 = (𝑠 𝑏
𝑤 𝑠𝑖𝑛)

 𝑤 - is the shear reinforcement ratio, 𝑤 should not be less than 𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛

0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘
The recommended value for beams is 𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘

 𝐴𝑠𝑤 - is the area of shear reinforcement within length s

 s - is the spacing of the shear reinforcement measured along the longitudinal axis of the

member

 𝑏𝑤 - is the breadth of the web of the member

  - is the angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis

 The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies should not exceed 𝑆𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 .

The recommended value is for 𝑆𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75d(1+cot )

 - is the inclination of the shear reinforcement to the longitudinal axis of the beam.
PROCEDURE FOR SHEAR DESIGN
Step 1: Determine maximum applied shear force at support, 𝑉𝐸𝑑

Step 2:Determine 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 with cot =2.5

Step 3: If 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑 cot =2.5, go to step 6 and calculate required shear
reinforcement

Step 4: If 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑉𝐸𝑑 , calculate required strut angle

2 𝑉𝐸 𝑑
 = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [( )]
(𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑 )

Step 5: If cot is less than 1re-size element , otherwise

Step 6: Calculate amount of shear reinforcement required

Step 7: Check min shear reinforcement and maximum spacing