Chapter 7 - Arrays

Chapter 7 – Arrays
1
Starting Out with C++, 3rd Edition
7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple values
• Unlike regular variables, arrays can hold

multiple values.
2
Figure 7-1
int count Enough memory for 1 int

12345
float price Enough memory for 1 float

56.981
char letter Enough memory for 1 char
3
Figure 7-2
4
Table 7-1
Array Declaration Number of Size of Size of the

Elements Each Element Array
char letters[25]; 25 1 byte 25 bytes

short rings[100]; 100 2 bytes 200 bytes
int miles[84]; 84 4 bytes 336 bytes
float temp[12]; 12 4 bytes 48 bytes
doubledDistance[1000]; 1000 8 bytes 8000 bytes
5
7.2 Accessing Array elements
• The individual elements of an array are

assigned unique subscripts. These
subscripts are used to access the elements.
6
Program 7-1
// This program asks the user for the number of hours worked
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element int array to store the
// values.
#include <iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees: ";

cin >> hours[0];
cin >> hours[1];
cin >> hours[2];
cin >> hours[3];
7
Program continues
cin >> hours[4];
cin >> hours[5];
cout << "The hours you entered are:";
cout << " " << hours[0];
cout << " " << hours[1];
cout << " " << hours[2];
cout << " " << hours[3];
cout << " " << hours[4];
cout << " " << hours[5] << endl;
}
8
Program Output with Example Input
Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30 15

[Enter]
The hours you entered are: 20 12 40 30 30 15
9
Figure 7-7
10
Program 7-2
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element short array to store the
// values.
void main(void)
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees: ";

for (int count = 0; count < 6; count++)
cin >> hours[count];
cout << "The hours you entered are:";
for (count = 0; count < 6; count++)
cout << " " << hours[count];
cout << endl;
}
11
Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30 15

[Enter]
The hours you entered are: 20 12 40 30 30 15
12
Program 7-3
// by 6 employees. It uses a 6-element short array to store the
// values.
#include<iostream.h>
void main(void)
{
short hours[6];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees.\n";

for (int count = 1; count <= 6; count++)
{
cout << "Employee " << count << ": ";
cin >> hours[count - 1];
}
cout << "The hours you entered are\n";
13
Program continues
for (count = 1; count <= 6; count++)

{
cout << "Employee " << count << ": ";
cout << hours[count - 1] << endl;
}
}
14
Enter the hours worked by six employees.
Employee 1: 20 [Enter]
The hours you entered are
Employee 1: 20
Employee 2: 12
Employee 3: 40
Employee 4: 30
Employee 5: 30
Employee 6: 15
15
7.3 No Bounds Checking in C++
• C++ gives you the freedom to store data

past an array’s boundaries.
16
Program 7-4
// This program unsafely accesses an area of memory by writing
// values beyond an array's boundary.
// WARNING: If you compile and run this program, it could cause
// the computer to crash.
void main(void)
{
short values[3]; // An array of 3 short integers.
cout << "I will store 5 numbers in a 3 element array!\n";

values[count] = 100;
cout << "If you see this message, it means the computer\n";
cout << "has not crashed! Here are the numbers:\n";
cout << values[count] << endl;
}
17
Figure 7-8
18
7.4 Array Initialization
• Arrays may be initialized when they are

declared.
19
Program 7-5
// This program displays the number of days in each month.
// It uses a 12-element int array.
void main(void)
{
int days[12];
days[0] = 31; // January
days[1] = 28; // February
days[2] = 31; // March
days[3] = 30; // April
days[4] = 31; // May
days[5] = 30; // June
days[6] = 31; // July
20
Program continues
days[7] = 31; // August

days[8] = 30; // September
days[9] = 31; // October
days[10] = 30; // November
days[11] = 31; // December
{
cout << "Month " << (count + 1) << " has ";
cout << days[count] << " days.\n";
}
}
21
Program Output
Month 1 has 31 days.

22
Program 7-6
// It uses a 12-element int array.
void main(void)
{
int days[12] = {31, 28, 31, 30,
31, 30, 31, 31,
30, 31, 30, 31};
{
cout << "Month " << (count + 1) << " has ";
}
}
23
Program Output

24
Program 7-7
// This program uses an array of ten characters to store the
// first ten letters of the alphabet. The ASCII codes of the
// characters are displayed.
void main(void)
{
char letters[10] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E',
'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J'};
cout << "Character" << "\t" << "ASCII Code\n";

cout << "--------" << "\t" << "----------\n";
{
cout << letters[count] << "\t\t";
cout << int(letters[count]) << endl;
}
}
25
Program Output
Character ASCII Code

--------- ----------
A 65
B 66
C 67
D 68
E 69
F 70
G 71
H 72
I 73
J 74
26
Partial Array Initialization
• When an array is being initialized, C++

does not require a value for every element.
int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8};
27
Program 7-8
// This program has a partially initialized array.
void main(void)
{
int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8}; // Initialize the
// first 4 elements.
cout << "Here are the contents of the array:\n";

for (int index = 0; index < 7; index++)
cout << numbers[index] << endl;
}
28
Program Output
Here are the contents of the array:

1
2
4
8
0
0
0
29
Implicit Array Sizing
• It is possible to declare an array without

specifying its size, as long as you provide an
initialization list.
float ratings[] = {1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0};
30
Initializing With Strings
• When initializing a character array with a

string, simply enclose the string in quotation
marks:
char name[] = “Warren”;
31
Figure 7-11
32
Program 7-9
// This program displays the contents of two char arrays.
void main(void)
{
char name1[] = "Holly";
char name2[] = {'W', 'a', 'r', 'r', 'e', 'n', '\0'};
cout << name1 << endl;

cout << name2 << endl;
}
33
Program Output
Holly
Warren
34
7.5 Processing Array Contents
• Individual array elements are processed like

any other type of variable.
35
Program 7-10
// This program stores, in an array, the hours worked by 5
// employees who all make the same hourly wage.
void main(void)
{
int hours[5];
float payRate;
cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";

cout << "earn the same hourly rate.\n";
{
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> hours[index];
}
36
Program continues
cout << "Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: ";
cin >> payRate;
cout << "Here is the gross pay for each employee:\n";
cout.precision(2);
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);
for (index = 0; index < 5; index++)
{
float grossPay = hours[index] * payRate;
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": $" << grossPay << endl;
}
}
37
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all
earn the same hourly rate.
Employee #1: 5 [Enter]
Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: 12.75 [Enter]
Here is the gross pay for each employee:
Employee #1: $63.75
Employee #2: $127.50
38
Program 7-11
// This program stores, in an array, the hours worked by 5
// employees who all make the same hourly wage. It then
// displays the gross pay, including any overtime.
// Constant for defining the array size
void main(void)
{
int hours[5];
float payRate;
cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";

cout << "earn the same hourly rate.\n";
{
cout << "Employee #" << (index + 1) << ": ";
}
39
Program continues
cout << "Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: ";
cin >> payRate;
cout.precision(2);
{
float grossPay, overTime;
if (hours[index] > 40)
{
// Calculate pay for 40 hours.
grossPay = 40 * payRate;
// Calculate overtime pay.
overTime = (hours[index] - 40) * 1.5 * payRate;
// Add regular pay and overtime pay.
grossPay += overTime;
}
40
Program continues
else
grossPay = hours[index] * payRate;
}
}
41
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all
earn the same hourly rate.
Enter the hourly pay rate for all the employees: 12.75 [Enter]
42
7.6 Focus on Software Engineering:
Parallel Arrays
• By using he same subscript, you can build
relationships between data stored in two or
more arrays.
43
Program 7-12
// This program stores, in two arrays, the hours worked by 5
// employees, and their hourly pay rates.
// Constant for defining the array size

const int numEmps = 5;
void main(void)
{
int hours[numEmps];
float payRate[numEmps];
cout << "Enter the hours worked by “ << numEmps

<< “ employees and their\n";
cout << "hourly rates.\n";
for (int index = 0; index < numEmps; index++)
{
cout << "hours worked by employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": ";
44
Program continues
cout << "Hourly pay rate for employee #";
cout << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> payRate[index];
}
cout.precision(2);
for (index = 0; index < numEmps; index++)
{
float grossPay = hours[index] * payRate[index];
}
}
45
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees and their hourly rates.
hours worked by employee #1: 10 [Enter]
Hourly pay rate for employee #1: 9.75 [Enter]

Employee #1: $97.50
46
7.7 Thou Shalt Not Assign
• You cannot use the assignment operator to

copy one array’s contents to another.
for (int count=0; count < 4; count++)

newVal[count] = oldVal[count];
47
Table 7-2
Expression Value
OldValues[0] 10 (Contents of Elem ent 0 of OldValues)
NewValues 8012 (Mem ory Address of NewValues)
OldValues 8024 (Mem ory Address of OldValues)
48
7.8 Printing the Contents of an
Array
• To display the contents of an array, you
must use a loop to display the contents of
each element.
int array[5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
cout << array[count] << endl;
49
7.9 Arrays As Function Arguments
• To pass an array as an argument to a

function, pass the name of the array.
50
Program 7-13
// This program demonstrates that an array element is passed
// to a function like any other variable.
void ShowValue(int); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int collection[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
for (int Cycle = 0; Cycle < 8; Cycle++)

ShowValue(collection[Cycle]);
}
51
Program continues
//************************************
// Definition of function showValue. *
// This function accepts an integer argument. *
// The value of the argument is displayed. *
//************************************
void ShowValue(int Num)
{
cout << Num << " ";
}
52
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
53
Program 7-14
// This program demonstrates an array being passed to a function.
void showValues(int []); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int collection[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
showValues(collection); // Passing address of array collection

}
//***********************************************
// Definition of function showValues. *
// This function accepts an array of 8 integers *
// as its argument. The contents of the array *
// is displayed. *
//***********************************************
void showValues(int nums[])
{
cout << nums[index] << " ";
}
54
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
55
Program 7-15
// This program demonstrates an array being passed to a function.
void showValues(int []); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int set1[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
int set2[8] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16};
showValues(set1);
cout << endl;
showValues(set2);
}
//***********************************************
// This function accepts an array of 8 integers *
// as its argument. The contents of the array *
// is displayed. *
//***********************************************
void showValues(int nums[])
{
}
56
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
57
Program 7-16
// This program uses a function that can display the contents
// of an integer array of any size.
void showValues(int [], int); // Function prototype
void main(void)
{
int set1[8] = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40};
int set2[4] = {2, 4, 6, 8};
int set3[12] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
showValues(set1, 8);
cout << endl;
cout << endl;
}
58
Program continues
//***********************************************
// This function displays the contents of the *
// array passed into nums. The value passed *
// into elements is the number of elements in *
// the nums array. *
//***********************************************
void showValues(int nums[], int elements)

{
for (int index = 0; index < elements; index++)
}
59
Program Output
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2468
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
60
Program 7-17
// This program uses a function that doubles the contents of
// the elements within an array.
void doubleArray(int [], int); // Function prototype

const int arraySize = 12;
void main(void)
{
int set[arraySize] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
cout << "The arrays values are:\n";
for (int index = 0; index < arraySize; index++)
cout << set[index] << " ";
cout << endl;
doubleArray(set, arraySize);
cout << "After calling doubleArray, the values are:\n";
61
Program continues
for (int index = 0; index < arraySize; index++)
cout << set[index] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
//**************************************************
// Definition of function doubleArray. *
// This function doubles the value of each element *
// in the array passed into nums. *
// The value passed into size is the number of *
// elements in the nums array. *
//**************************************************
void doubleArray(int nums[], int size)
{
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
nums[index] *= 2;
}
62
Program Output
The array values are:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
After calling doubleArray, the values are:
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
63
7.10 Two-dimensional Arrays
• A two-dimensional array is like several

identical arrays put together. It is useful for
storing multiple sets of data.
64
Program 7-18
// This program demonstrates a two-dimensional array.
void main(void)
{
float sales[3][4]; // 2D array, 3 rows and 4 columns.
float totalSales = 0; // To hold the total sales.
int dir, qtr; // Loop counters.
65
Program continues
cout << "This program will calculate the total sales of\n";
cout << "all the company's divisions.\n";
cout << "Enter the following sales information:\n\n";
// Nested loops to fill the array with quarterly

// sales figures for each division.
for (div = 0; div < 3; div++)
{
for (qtr = 0; qtr < 4; qtr++)
{
cout << "Division " << (div + 1);
cout << ", Quarter " << (qtr + 1) << ": $";
cin >> sales[div][qtr];
}
cout << endl; // Print blank line.
}
66
Program continues
// Nested loops to add all the elements.
for (div = 0; div < 3; div++)
for (qtr = 0; qtr < 4; qtr++)
totalSales += sales[div][qtr];
cout.precision(2);
cout << "The total sales for the company are: $";
cout << totalSales << endl;
}
67
This program will calculate the total sales of
all the company's divisions.
Enter the following sales information:
Division 1, Quarter 1: $31569.45 [Enter]


68
Output continues

The total sales for the company are: $456782.34
69
Passing Two-dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• When a two-dimensional array is
passed to a function, the parameter
type must contain a size declarator for
the number of columns.
70
7.11 Arrays of Strings
• A two-dimensional array of characters can
be used as an array of C-strings.
71
Program 7-20
// It uses a two-dimensional character array to hold the
// names of the months and an int array to hold the number
// of days.
void main(void)
{
char months[12][10] = {"January", "February", "March",
"April", "May", "June",
"July", "August", "September”,
"October", "November","December"};
int days[12] = { 31, 28, 31, 30,
31, 30, 31, 31,
30, 31, 30, 31};
{
cout << months[count] << " has ";
}
} 72
Program 7-20 (continued)
Program Output
January has 31 days.
February has 28 days.
March has 31 days.
April has 30 days.
May has 31 days.
June has 30 days.
July has 31 days.
August has 31 days.
September has 30 days.
October has 31 days.
November has 30 days.
December has 31 days.
73
Three Dimensional Arrays and
Beyond
• C++ allows you to create arrays with
virtually any number of dimensions.
• Here is an example of a three-dimensional
array declaration:
float seat[3][5][8];
74
7.14 Introduction to the STL
vector
• The Standard Template Library (or STL) is
a collection of data types and algorithms
that you may use in your programs. These
data types and algorithms are programmer-
defined. They are not part of the C++
language, but were created in addition to the
built-in data types.
75
vector
• The data types that are defined in the STL
are commonly called containers, because
they store and organize data.
• There are two types of containers in the
STL: sequence containers and associative
containers.
• The vector data type is a sequence
container.
76
vector
• A vector is like an array in the following
ways:
– A vector holds a sequence of values, or
elements.
– A vector stores its elements in contiguous
memory locations.
– You can use the array subscript operator [] to
read the individual elements in the vector
77
vector
• However, a vector offers several
advantages over arrays. Here are just a few:
– You do not have to declare the number of
elements that the vector will have.
– If you add a value to a vector that is already
full, the vector will automatically increase its
size to accommodate the new value.
– vectors can report the number of elements
they contain.
78
Declaring a vector
• To use vectors in your program, you must
first #include the vector header file with
the following statement:
#include <vector>
Note: There is no .h at the end of the file

name.
79
Declaring a vector
• The next step is to include the following
statement after your #include statements:
using namespace std;
The STL uses namespaces to organize the

names of its data types and algorithms.
80
Declaring a vector
• Now you are ready to declare an actual
vector object. Here is an example:
vector<int> numbers;
The statement above declares numbers as

a vector of ints.
81
Declaring a vector
• You can declare a starting size, if you
prefer. Here is an example:
vector<int> numbers(10);
The statement above declares numbers as

a vector of 10 ints.
82
Other examples of vector
Declarations
Declaration Format Description
vector<float> amounts; Declares amounts as an empty

vector of floats.
vector<int> scores(15); Declares scores as a vector of 15

ints.
vector<char> letters(25, 'A'); Declares letters as a vector of 25

characters. Each element is initialized
with 'A'.
vector<double> Declares values2 as a vector of

values2(values1); doubles. All the elements of values1,
which also a vector of doubles, are
copied to value2.
83
Storing and Retrieving Values in
a vector
• To store a value in an element that already
exists in a vector, you may use the array
subscript operator [].
84
Program 7-23
// This program stores, in two vectors, the hours worked by 5
// employees, and their hourly pay rates.
#include <vector> // Needed to declare vectors
void main(void)
{
vector<int> hours(5); // Declare a vector of 5 integers
vector<float> payRate(5); // Declare a vector of 5 floats
cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees and their\n";

cout << "hourly rates.\n";
{
cout << "Hours worked by employee #" << (index + 1);
cout << ": ";
cout << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> payRate[index];
} 85
cout.precision(2);
{
}
}
86
Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold
Enter the hours worked by 5 employees and their
hourly rates.
Hours worked by employee #1: 10 [Enter]
Employee #1: $97.50
87
Using the push_back Member
Function
• You cannot use the [] operator to access a
vector element that does not exist.
• To store a value in a vector that does not
have a starting size, or is already full, use
the push_back member function. Here is
an example:
numbers.push_back(25);
88
Program 7-24
// This program stores, in two vectors, the hours worked by a specified
// number of employees, and their hourly pay rates.
#include <vector> // Needed to declare vectors
void main(void)
{
vector<int> hours; // hours is an empty vector
vector<float> payRate; // payRate is an empty vector
int numEmployees; // The number of employees
cout << "How many employees do you have? ";

cin >> numEmployees;
cout << "Enter the hours worked by " << numEmployees;
cout << " employees and their hourly rates.\n";
89
for (int index = 0; index < numEmployees; index++)
{
int tempHours; // To hold the number of hours entered
float tempRate; // To hold the payrate entered
cout << "Hours worked by employee #" << (index + 1);

cout << ": ";
cin >> tempHours;
hours.push_back(tempHours); // Add an element to hours
cout << (index + 1) << ": ";
cin >> tempRate;
payRate.push_back(tempRate); // Add an element to payRate
}
cout.precision(2);
for (index = 0; index < numEmployees; index++)
{
}
}
90
How many employees do you have? 3 [Enter]

Enter the hours worked by 3 employees and their hourly rates.
Employee #3: $1019.25
91
Determining the Size of a
vector
• Unlike arrays, vectors can report the number of elements
they contain. This is accomplished with the size member
function. Here is an example of a statement that uses the
size member function:
numValues = set.size();
• In the statement above, assume that numValues is an

int, and set is a vector. After the statement executes,
numValues will contain the number of elements in the
vector set.
92
Determining the Size of a
vector
• Example:
void showValues(vector<int> vect)

{
for (int count = 0; count < vect.size(); count++)
cout << vect[count] << endl;
}
93
Program 7-25
// This program demonstrates the vector size
// member function.
#include <vector>
// Function prototype
void showValues(vector<int>);
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values;

values.push_back(count * 2);
showValues(values);
}
94
//**************************************************
// This function accepts an int vector as its *
// argument. The value of each of the vector's *
// elements is displayed. *
//**************************************************
void showValues(vector<int> vect)

{
cout << vect[count] << endl;
}
95
Program Output
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
96
Removing Elements from a
vector
• Use the pop_back member function to
remove the last element from a vector.
collection.pop_back();
The statement above removes the last

element from the collection vector.
97
Program 7-26
// This program demosntrates the vector size member function.
#include <vector>
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values;
// Store values in the vector

values.push_back(1);
cout << "The size of values is " << values.size() << endl;
// Remove a value from the vector

cout << "Popping a value from the vector...\n";
values.pop_back();
cout << "The size of values is now " << values.size() << endl;
98
// Now remove another value from the vector
values.pop_back();
// Remove the last value from the vector

values.pop_back();
}
Program Output
The size of values is 3
Popping a value from the vector...
The size of values is now 2
The size of values is now 1
The size of values is now 0 99
Clearing a vector
• To completely clear the contents of a
vector, use the clear member function.
Here is an example:
numbers.clear();
After the statement above executes, the

numbers vector will be cleared of all its
elements.
100
Program 7-27
// This program demosntrates the vector size member function.
#include <vector>
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values(100);
cout << "The values vector has “

<< values.size() << " elements.\n";
cout << "I will call the clear member function...\n";
values.clear();
cout << "Now, the values vector has “
<< values.size() << " elements.\n";
}
101
Program Output
The values vector has 100 elements.
I will call the clear member function...
Now, the values vector has 0 elements.
102
Detecting an Empty vector
• To determine if a vector is empty, use the
empty member function. The function
returns true if the vector is empty, and
false if the vector has elements stored
in it. Here is an example of its use:
if (set.empty())
cout << "No values in set.\n";
103
Program 7-28
// This program demosntrates the vector's empty member function.
#include <vector>
// Function prototype
float avgVector(vector<int>);
void main(void)
{
vector<int> values;
int numValues;
float average;
cout << "How many values do you wish to average? ";

cin >> numValues;
104
for (int count = 0; count < numValues; count++)
{
int tempValue;
cout << "Enter a value: ";

cin >> tempValue;
values.push_back(tempValue);
}
average = avgVector(values);
cout << "Average: " << average << endl;
}
//*************************************************************
// Definition of function avgVector. *
// This function accepts an int vector as its argument. If *
// the vector contains values, the function returns the *
// average of those values. Otherwise, an error message is *
// displayed and the function returns 0.0. *
//*************************************************************
105
float avgVector(vector<int> vect)
{
int total = 0; // accumulator
float avg; // average
if (vect.empty()) // Determine if the vector is empty

{
cout << "No values to average.\n";
avg = 0.0;
}
else
{
total += vect[count];
avg = total / vect.size();
}
return avg;
}
106
How many values do you wish to average?

Enter a value: 12
Enter a value: 18
Enter a value: 3
Enter a value: 7
Enter a value: 9
Average: 9
How many values do you wish to average? 0

No values to average.
Average: 0
107
Summary of vector Member
Functions
Member Function Description
at(element) Returns the value of the element located at element in the

vector.
Example:
x = vect.at(5);
The statement above assigns the value of the 5th element of
vect to x.
capacity() Returns the maximum number of elements that may be

stored in the vector without additional memory being
allocated. (This is not the same value as returned by the size
member function).
Example:
x = vect.capacity();
The statement above assigns the capacity of vect to x.
108
Functions
clear() Clears a vector of all its elements.
Example:
vect.clear();
The statement above removes all the elements from vect.
empty() Returns true if the vector is empty. Otherwise, it returns

false.
Example:
if (vect.empty())
cout << "The vector is empty.";
The statement above displays the message if vect is empty.
pop_back() Removes the last element from the vector.

Example:
vect.pop_back();
The statement above removes the last element of vect, thus
reducing its size by 1.
109
Functions
push_back(value) Stores a value in the last element of the vector. If the vector
is full or empty, a new element is created.
Example:
vect.push_back(7);
The statement above stores 7 in the last element of vect.
reverse() Reverses the order of the elements in the vector (the last
element becomes the first element, and the first element
becomes the last element.)
Example:
vect.reverse();
The statement above reverses the order of the element in
vect.
resize(elements, Resizes a vector by elements elements. Each of the new

value) elements is initialized with the value in value.
Example:
vect.resize(5, 1);
The statement above increases the size of vect by 5
elements. The 5 new elements are initialized to the value 1.
110
Functions
swap(vector2) Swaps the contents of the vector with the contents of vector2.
Example:
vect1.swap(vect2);
The statement above swaps the contents of vect1 and
vect2.
111

Chapter 7 - Arrays

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Chapter 7 - Arrays

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Chapter 7 – Arrays

• Unlike regular variables, arrays can hold

int count Enough memory for 1 int

float price Enough memory for 1 float

char letter Enough memory for 1 char

Array Declaration Number of Size of Size of the

char letters[25]; 25 1 byte 25 bytes

• The individual elements of an array are

cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees: ";

Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30 15

cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees: ";

Enter the hours worked by six employees: 20 12 40 30 30 15

cout << "Enter the hours worked by six employees.\n";

for (count = 1; count <= 6; count++)

• C++ gives you the freedom to store data

cout << "I will store 5 numbers in a 3 element array!\n";

• Arrays may be initialized when they are

days[7] = 31; // August

Month 1 has 31 days.

Month 1 has 31 days.

cout << "Character" << "\t" << "ASCII Code\n";

Character ASCII Code

• When an array is being initialized, C++

int numbers[7] = {1, 2, 4, 8};

cout << "Here are the contents of the array:\n";

Here are the contents of the array:

• It is possible to declare an array without

float ratings[] = {1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0};

• When initializing a character array with a

char name[] = “Warren”;

cout << name1 << endl;

• Individual array elements are processed like

cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";

// Constant for defining the array size

cout << "Enter the hours worked by 5 employees who all\n";

// Constant for defining the array size

cout << "Enter the hours worked by “ << numEmps

Here is the gross pay for each employee:

• You cannot use the assignment operator to

for (int count=0; count < 4; count++)

OldValues[0] 10 (Contents of Elem ent 0 of OldValues)

OldValues[1] 100 (Contents of Elem ent 1 of OldValues)

OldValues[2] 200 (Contents of Elem ent 2 of OldValues)

OldValues[3] 300 (Contents of Elem ent 3 of OldValues)

NewValues 8012 (Mem ory Address of NewValues)

OldValues 8024 (Mem ory Address of OldValues)

• To pass an array as an argument to a

void ShowValue(int); // Function prototype

for (int Cycle = 0; Cycle < 8; Cycle++)

void showValues(int []); // Function prototype

showValues(collection); // Passing address of array collection

void showValues(int []); // Function prototype

void showValues(int [], int); // Function prototype

void showValues(int nums[], int elements)

void doubleArray(int [], int); // Function prototype

The array values are:

• A two-dimensional array is like several

// Nested loops to fill the array with quarterly

Division 1, Quarter 1: $31569.45 [Enter]

Division 2, Quarter 1: $56321.02 [Enter]

Division 3, Quarter 1: $29654.35 [Enter]

The total sales for the company are: $456782.34

Note: There is no .h at the end of the file