Social Psychology

Myrelle Osit
Jasmin Therese Umali
Celina Faye Ventura
The concept was first developed by
Walter Lippmann in his book on
public opinion.
typical picture that comes to mind
when thinking about a particular
social group(Lipman 1922).
Stereotypes are cognitive schemas
used by social perceivers to process
information about others (Hilton &
von Hippel, 1996)
It is “exaggerated belief[s]
associated with a [social] category”
(Allport 1979)
-cognitive component of
attitudes toward a social
group—specifically, beliefs
about what a particular
group is like.
 Physical Appearance

Traits
abilities

behaviors

Stereotypic Expectancies
can either be positive or negative,
accurate or inaccurate,
agreed with or rejected
by members of stereotyped group.
 Increases in female labor force participation result in faster
economic growth, but women continue to participate in labor
markets on an unequal basis with men. In 2013, the male
employment-to-population ratio was 72.2 percent compared
to 47.1 percent for women, and women continue to earn only 60-
75 percent of men’s wages globally.
- beliefs concerning the
characteristics of women and
men—consist of both positive and
negative traits
 Sample case
In 2013, the male employment-to-population ratio was 72.2 percent
compared to 47.1 percent for women, and women continue to earn only 60-
75 percent of men’s wages globally.

Women also carry a disproportionate amount of responsibility for unpaid

care work. Women devote one to three hours more a day to housework
than men, two to 10 times the amount of time a day to care (for children,
elderly and the sick) and one to four hours less a day to income-based
activities. The time given to these unpaid tasks directly and negatively
impacts women’s participation in the workforce and their ability to foster
economic independence.
Glass Ceiling

● a final barrier that prevents women, as a

group, from reaching top positions in the
workplace
 Sample Case
Cory Aquino did not aspire to be a politician. Ninoy Aquino became a popular, outspoken opponent of
Ferdinand Marcos, the dictator who held the presidency from 1965. In 1972, Ninoy was imprisoned for
eight long years, and then exiled to the United States. Ninoy was finally allowed to return to his
homeland in 1983, only to be assassinated the moment he arrived.

Ninoy’s imprisonment, exile, and assassination outraged the people and spurred Ferdinand’s opposition.
The economic problems of the country deteriorated even further, and the government went further into
debt. After her husband’s assassination, Cory took his place as the leader of the opposition. In 1985,
Ferdinand suddenly announced an election to legitimize his hold on the country. Cory was reluctant to
run at first, but changed her mind after being presented with one million signatures urging her to run for
president.

During Cory’s run for president, Ferdinand Marcos derided her with sexist statements, saying she was
“just a woman” whose place was in the bedroom.

Cory just answered: “May the better woman win in this election.”
Glass Cliff

● Glass cliff refers to a phenomenon

wherein women tend to be promoted to
positions of power during times of crises,
when the chance of failure is highest.
 Tokenism

● - actions that are the result of pretending to

give advantage to those groups in society who
are often treated unfairly, in order to give
the appearance of fairness
 Is Stereotyping Absent if Members of
Different Groups Are Rated the Same?

Biernat’s (2012) work on shifting standards –

it indicates that although the same
evaluation ratings can be given to
members of different groups, stereotypes
may have influenced those ratings
Furthermore, those identical evaluation
ratings given to members of different
groups will not necessarily translate into
the same behavioral expectations for the
people rated- suggesting that stereotyping
has occured. To describe different objects.
Objective Scales- standards
that will always mean the
same thing no matter
what isbeing referred to.
Subjective Scales-
standards that can take
on different meanings,
depending on who they
are applied to
 Can We Be Victims of Stereotyping
and Not Even Recognize It:
TheCase of Single People
SINGLE
De Paulo (2006) points out one
intriguing instance of this in her
research on singlism- the
negative sterotyping and
discrimanation that is directed
toward people who are single.
 Stereotypes can serve
important motivational
purposes;

- Provide us with a sense that we

can predict others’ behavior

- It can help us feel positive about

our own group identity in
comparison to other social
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 Why do people form and
use stereotypes?
Stereotypes often function as schemas - cognitive
frameworks for organizing, interpreting and recalling
information

Categorizing people according to their group members

can be efficient for human beings who may invest little
cognitive effort in many situations.

One important reason people hold stereotypes is that

doing so can conserve the cognitive effort that may be
used for other tasks. (Bodenhausen, Macre, & Milne,
1994)
Stereotypes: How they operate

Consider the following groups:

Soldiers Politicians Arabians La sallians

Stereotypes provide us with information about the
typical traits possessed by people belonging to these
groups and, once activated, these traits seem to come
automatically to mind (Bodenhausen & Hugenberg,
2009).

Stereotypes act as theories, guiding what we attend to,

and exerting strong effects on how we process social
information (Yzerbyt, Rocher, & Schradron, 1997).
Do Stereotypes Ever Change?

Many theorists have suggested that stereotyping will be stable as

long as the nature of the relationship that exists between those
groups is stable (e.g., Eagly, 1987; Oakes, Haslam, & Turner,
1994; Pettigrew, 1981;Tajfel, 1981).

That is, because we construct stereotypes that reflect how we see

members of different groups actually behaving, stereotype change
should occur when the relationsbetween the groups change (so the
behaviors we observe change accordingly).
 Thank you!
Prepared by:
Celina Faye Ventura, Jasmin Therese Umali and Myrelle Osit

Prepared for:
Ms. Anna Marie Abrera Rpsy
(Social Psychology)