Multiple Antenna Technique

MIMO System

By
Dr. Rajeev Mathur
Dept of ECE
 MIMO System
What is MIMO?
• Multiple-input multiple-output, or MIMO, is a
radio communications technology or RF
technology that is being used in Recent
communication Systems.
• Wi-Fi, LTE; Long Term Evolution, are using the
new MIMO wireless technology to provide
increased link capacity & coverage in mobile
communication.
 MIMO System
• What is MIMO?

Wednesday, November 27,

3
2019
 MIMO System
• The main characteristic of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
systems is the use of multiple antennas both at Receiver & Transmitter
Side.
• This improves the performance of communication in terns of BER, SNR,
and eventually enhances capacity & Coverage & reliability of
communication.

4
 Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial Multiplexing is the
simultaneous use of the same
frequencies to transmit
independent data streams. As
shown in Figure
In rich scattering environments,
independent data signals
transmitted from different
antennas can be uniquely
decoded to yield an increase in
channel capacity.
5
Spatial Multiplexing System Model
h11
x1 y1
.. hN1
..
Source
Modulation &
Coding . h1M
. Demodulation
& Decoding
Sink

hNM
xM xN

Channel
 Spatial multiplexing
• Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful
technique for increasing channel capacity at
higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The
maximum number of spatial streams is limited
by the lesser of the number of antennas at the
transmitter or receiver.
• Spatial multiplexing can be used without CSI
at the transmitter, but can be combined with
precoding if CSI is available.
 MIMO-Diversity
• The principle of diversity is to provide the receiver with
multiple versions of the same signal. Accordingly,
diversity helps to stabilise a link and improves
performance, reducing error rate.

Diversity Technique:
It means sending or receiving same data on all antennas
 antenna picks the best (strongest) multipath signals
 protect against fading, and improve coverage
 Combines multipath and Improves S/N
 Transmission is more reliable.
 MIMO-Diversity
Types of Diversity:
•Time diversity: In time diversity, a message may be
transmitted at different times, e.g. using different timeslots and
channel coding. Diversity can be realized in time by multiple
retransmission of the same signal.
•Frequency diversity: This form of diversity uses different
frequencies. It may be in the form of using different channels, or
technologies such as spread spectrum / OFDM.
•Space diversity : Spatial diversity is obtained by locating
multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or the receiver. It uses
antennas located in different positions to take advantage of the
different radio paths that exist in a typical terrestrial
environment.

• FIGURE BELOW
MIMO-Diversity
MIMO-Diversity
 Precoding
• Precoding is multi-stream beamforming, in the
narrowest definition.
– it is spatial processing that occurs at the transmitter.
– In (single-stream) beamforming, the same signal is
emitted from each of the transmit antennas with
appropriate phase and gain weighting such that the
signal power is maximized at the receiver input.
– The benefits of beamforming are to increase the
received signal gain – by making signals emitted from
different antennas add up constructively – and to
reduce the multipath fading effect.
 Beamforming
Beamforming Tech: Beamforming is the process to combine the
energy from each transmitter and direct it towards the
receiver to improve the received SNR but not the data rate.

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2019
 Beamforming System
Narrowband adaptive array or linear combiner
• The weight vector is adjusted to
improve the reception of desired
x1(t) w1 signal
– Angle of arrival
x2(t) w2  • MUSIC, ESPRIT
... y(t) – Eigenbeamforming
• No physical interpretation,
but useful in multipath
xM(t) wM environment
• Minimize some cost
function
 Beamforming System
Useful for
 interference rejection, 90 1.5
 multipath fading mitigation 120 60 interferer
 increased antenna gain 1
150 30
0.5

180 0
desired
210 330 signal

240 300
270
Beamforming
 Channel State Information (CSI)
Precoding requires knowledge of channel state
information (CSI) at the transmitter and the
receiver.
 CSI
• The Channel state information (CSI) refers to known
channel properties of a communication link. This
information describes how a signal propagates from the
transmitter to the receiver and represents the combined
effect of scattering, fading and power decay with distance.
• The method is called Channel Estimation. The CSI makes
it possible to adapt transmissions to current channel
conditions.
• CSI needs to be estimated at the receiver and usually
quantized and fed back to the transmitter .
• Therefore, the transmitter and receiver can have different
CSI. The CSI at the transmitter and the CSI at the receiver
are sometimes referred to as CSIT and CSIR, respectively.
 Different kinds of CSI

Two levels of CSI are there:

1. Instantaneous CSI (or short-term CSI)

means that the current channel conditions are
known, which can be viewed as knowing the
.
impulse response of a digital filter
 Different kinds of CSI
2. Statistical CSI (or long-term CSI) means that a
statistical characterization of the channel is
known.
This description can include,
the type of fading distribution,
the average channel gain,
the spatial correlation.

• Practical systems, the available CSI often lies in between

these two levels;