Section 2.

1
The Nature of Matter

• Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass.

• It is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

C. The States of Matter

• Matter exists in three states:

– Solid: a rigid substance with a definite shape
– Liquid: has a definite volume but takes the shape of its
container
– Gas: takes the shape and volume of its container

How do the volumes

of solid, liquid and
gaseous water
compare? What is in
between the
molecules?
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
STATES OF MATTER
PLASMA

 A plasma is an
ionized gas.
 A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields. • common
Plasma is the
state
 Plasmas, like gases of matter
have an indefinite
shape and an
indefinite volume.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular
pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from
place to place
Close together with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move about, and slide
past each other
Well separated with no regular
Has no definite volume or
arrangement.
shape and is composed of
Vibrate and move freely at
electrical charged particles
high speeds
Section 2.1
Some places
The Nature where plasmas are found…
of Matter

1. Flames
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

2. Lightning
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

The Sun is an example of a star in its

plasma state
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Particle Theory of Matter

• All matter is
made up of tiny
particles.
• These particles
are always
moving… they
have energy.
Section 2.1

• There are spaces among

The Nature of Matter

particles.
• There are attractive forces
between the particles.
• The particles of one
substance differ from the
particles of other
substances.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

• The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the forces between

molecules and the energy that they possess. This theory has 3
basic assumptions.

– Matter is composed of small particles (molecules).

– The measure of space that the molecules occupy (volume) is

derived from the space inbetween the molecules and not the
space the molecules contain themselves.

– The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different

for the 3 states of matter.
• Solid = low KE & strong attractive forces
• Liquids = KE & attractive forces are higher than solids and
lower than gases
• Gases = High KE & weak attractive forces
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Properties are used to identify and separate the substance.

• Ex: Substance = metals Properties = conduct electricity

• Matter has both physical and chemical properties.

– Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability to change
to a different substance.

– Physical properties are the characteristics of a substance that

do not involve changing to another substance.
• Examples are: shape, size and color, melting point, boiling
point
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
– A physical change involves a change in one or
more physical properties but no change in
composition.
– Ex: cutting, melting, boiling, freezing
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
– A chemical change transforms a substance into
one or more new substances.
– Ex: electrolysis, precipitates, formation of light/heat
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Intensive and Extensive

Properties
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Extensive (quantity)
- Properties that depend on the
amount of matter present.

 Mass, weight, volume, length

Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Intensive (quality)
– Properties that do not
depend on the amount of the
matter present.

Color , odor, hardness,

melting/freezing point,
boiling point, density,
malleability, luster
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Mixtures and Pure Substances
• Matter can be classified as a mixture or a pure
substance.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Mixtures and Pure Substances

• A pure substance always has the same composition.

• Pure substances are of two types:

– Elements which cannot

be broken down
chemically into simpler
substances

– Compounds which can

be chemically broken Water is a compound. All the
components are the same—H2O molecules.
down into elements
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Atoms and Molecules

• An Atom is the smallest particle that an Element can be
divided into without losing its identity
• A Molecule is the smallest particle that a Compound can
be divided into without losing its identity

But you will

also hear O2,
H2, N2 etc.
referred to as
molecules
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Classification of Matter:

• Mixtures = a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of

which retains its own identity and properties.
• - Parts can mixed together physically and usually can be
separated.
• - Contain various amounts of different substances, so the
composition needs to be specified. (% Mass = EX: 5 % NaCl
and 95 % water)

• Homogeneous (solutions): Uniform in composition

(Saltwater, air, milk, alloys)

• Heterogeneous: not uniform throughout (can be separated)

(pizza, concrete, salad)
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter