Documenti di Didattica
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by Sonnie P. Talavera, MD
Characteristic
Continuous cells in apposition over a large portion of
their surface
Cell rest in continuous extracellular layer, called the
basal lamina
Absence of blood vessels among the cell (avascularity)
Cells are arrange in sheets or layers
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Function
Asa boundary layer
Specialized for absorption and secretion
Membranous epithelium
Covering the surfaces and lining cavities
Epithelium Characteristics
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.43
Subtypes of epithelial tissue
Number of cell layers
Simple Epithelium
one layer
Stratified Epithelium
2 or more than one
layer
Figure 3.16a
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Classification of Epithelium
Shape of cells
Squamous
flattened
Cuboidal
cube-shaped
Columnar
column-like
Figure 3.16b
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Simple Epithelium
Simple squamous
Single layer of flat
cells
Usually forms
membranes
Lines body
cavities
Lines lungs and
capillaries Figure 3.17a
Endothelium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.45
Simple Epithelium
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of
cube-like cells
Common in
glands and their
ducts
Forms walls
of kidney tubules
Covers the
ovaries, thyroid Figure 3.17b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.47
Simple Epithelium
Pseudostratified
Single layer, but some
cells have different
size and nucleus in
diff areas
Often looks like a
double cell layer
Sometimes ciliated,
such as in the
respiratory tract
May function in Figure 3.17d
absorption or
secretion
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.48
Stratified Epithelium
Stratified squamous
Cells at the free edge
are flattened
Found as a protective
covering where
friction is common
Locations
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus Figure 3.17e
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified cuboidal
Two layers of cuboidal cells
Glands of sweat gland and sebaceous
Stratified columnar
Surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
Ducts of salivary and mammary duct
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
Rare in human body and found mainly in
ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelium
Transitional
epithelium
Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of stretching
Lines organs of the
urinary system
Figure 3.17f
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Glandular Epithelium
Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product
Two major gland types
Endocrine gland
Ductless
Secretions are hormones
Exocrine gland
Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Include sweat and oil glands
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.52
Glandular Epithelium
Based on number of cells
Unicellular gland (goblet cells)
Multicellular gland
Based on nature of secretion
Mucous(goblet cells)
Serous(parotid gland)
Muco-serous(sublingual, submandibular)
Cytogenic (testis, ovarie)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.52
Glandular Epithelium
Based on fate of secretory cells during secretion
Merocrine gland – no destruction of cells
Sweat gland
Apocrine gland- partial destruction of cells
Mammary gland
Holocrine gland-total destruction of cells
Sebaceous gland
Based on morphology
• Tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.52
Connective Tissue
Found everywhere in the body/ characterized by large amount of
extracellular material that separate cell from one another
Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supporting and moving
Protecting
Cushioning and insulating
Storing energy
Conecting tissue to one another
Enclosing and separating tissues
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
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Connective Tissue
Components of extracellular matrix
Protein fiber (Collagen, reticular, elastic)
Ground substance (proteoglycans)
Fluids
Classification of Connective tissue
Areolar or Loose
Collagen and elastic fiber
Most common cells found fibroblast
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue
Classification of Connective tissue
Areolar or Loose
Collagen and elastic fiber
Most common cells found fibroblast
Adipose
Collagen and elastic tissue
Filled with lipds
Acts as pad and thermal insulator
Dense
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Two types:
Dense Collagenous
has extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fiber
Ex Tendon, Ligament, Dermis, Capsule
Dense Elastic
Has more abundant elastic fiber among collagen fiber
Ex Vocal cords, Wall of large arteries, Elastic ligaments
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.53
Connective Tissue Types
Areolar connective
tissue
Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue
Contains all fiber
types
Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.60
Connective Tissue Types
Areolar connective
tissue
Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue
Contains all fiber
types
Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.60
Connective Tissue Types
Reticular
connective tissue
Delicate network of
interwoven fibers
Forms stroma
(internal supporting
network) of
lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow Figure 3.18g
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.62
Connective Tissue Types
Dense connective
tissue
Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
Cells are fibroblasts
Examples
Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach
bone to bone Figure 3.18d
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.59
Connective Tissue Types
Hyaline cartilage
Most common/ abundant
cartilage
Covers the joint and costal
cartilages
Composed of:
Abundant collagen
fibers
Rubbery matrix
Entire fetal skeleton is
hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.57
Connective Tissue Types
Fibrocartilage
Has more collagen than
hyaline cartilage
Highly compressible
Example: forms cushion-
like discs between
vertebrae
Figure 3.18c
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Connective Tissue Types
Elastic cartilage
Contains elastic fiber that
appears as cpoiled fibers
among bundles of
collagen fiber
Provides elasticity
Example: supports the
external ear, epiglottis
and auditory tube
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.58a
Connective Tissue Types
Bone
(osseous tissue)
Composed of:
Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium
salts
Large numbers of
collagen fibers
Used to protect and
support the body
Figure 3.18a
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Connective Tissue Types
Hard connective tissues
consists of cells and
mineralized matrix
Bone cells or osteocytes
are located on spaces in
the matrix called lacunae
Two types:
Compact
Cancellous
Figure 3.18a
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Connective Tissue Types
Blood
Unique bec the matrix is
liquid, enabling blood
cells to move through
blood vessels
Blood cells surrounded
by fluid matrix
Fibers are visible during
clotting
Functions as the
transport vehicle for
materials Figure 3.18h
Slide 3.63
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Muscle Tissue
Main characteristic to contract or shorten
Muscle contration is aa result of contractile
proteins located within the muscle cells
Function is to produce movement
Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.64
Muscle Tissue Types
Skeletal muscle
40% of persons body
weight
attached to the skeletal
system that enable
voluntarily movement
Cells attach to connective
tissue
Cells are striated
Cells have more than one
nucleus
Figure 3.19b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.65
Muscle Tissue Types
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the
heart
Function is to pump
blood (involuntary)
Cells attached to other
cardiac muscle cells at
intercalated disks
Cells are striated
One nucleus per cell
Figure 3.19c
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Muscle Tissue Types
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow organs,
skin and eyes
Responsible for
movement of food in the
Digestive System and
urination in Urinary
System
Attached to other smooth
muscle cells
No visible striations Figure 3.19a
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Tissue Repair
Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
Determination of method
Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury
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Events in Tissue Repair
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Regeneration of Tissues
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar
tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.71
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin and Body Membranes
Largest organ of the body
Skin appendages
Sweat gland
sebaceous
gland
Hairs
Nails
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.1
Skin and Body Membranes
Function of body membranes
Line or cover body surfaces
Protect body surfaces
Lubricate body surfaces
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Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial membranes
Cutaneous membrane
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Connective tissue membranes
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Cutaneous Membrane
Cutaneous membrane = skin
A dry membrane
Outermost protective boundary
Superficial epidermis
Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
Underlying dermis
Mostly dense
connective tissue Figure 4.1a
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Mucous Membranes
Surface epithelium
Type depends on site
Underlying loose connective
tissue (lamina propria)
Lines all body cavities
that open to the
exterior body surface
Often adapted
for absorption
or secretion Figure 4.1b
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Serous Membranes
Surface simple
squamous epithelium
Underlying areolar
connective tissue
Lines open body cavities
that are closed to the
exterior of the body
Serous layers separated
by serous fluid
Figure 4.1c
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Serous Membranes
Specific serous membranes
Peritoneum
Abdominal
cavity
Pleura
Around the
lungs Figure 4.1d
Pericardium
Around the
heart
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Connective Tissue Membrane
Synovial membrane
Connective tissue
only
Lines fibrous
capsules
surrounding joints
Figure 4.2
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Integumentary System
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FUNCTIONS:
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LAYERS OF THE SKIN
2 Principal Layers
Epidermis
Dermis
EPIDERMIS
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Skin Structure
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LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum Basale
Composed of single layer of cells in contact with dermis
Strata – layers
You do not need to know! Rejoice!
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COLORATION OF THE SKIN
Carotene
Hemoglobin
VITILIGO
WHITE SKIN PATCHES
FRECKLES
AGGREGATED PATCH OF MELANIN
A BIRTHMARK(CONGENITAL MELANOCYTIC
NEVUS)-IS A MOLE THAT IS PRESENT AT BIRTH
MELANIN
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HEMOGLOBIN
Acquired Lines:
Deep Flexion Creases
Found on the palms
Shallow Flexion Lines
Seen on knuckles and surface of other joints
SURFACE PATTERNS
Furrows in the forehead and face (wrinkles)
Acquired from continual contraction of facial muscles,
such as from smiling or squinting in bright light or
against the wind; facial lines become more strongly
delineated as person ages
Langer Lines
Lines of tension in the skin produced by the orientation
of collagen and elastic fibers in nonrandom pattern of
arrangement
Surgical incision should be made parallel to Langer lines
to promote better wound healing
DERMIS
Reticular layer
Deepest skin layer
Figure 4.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.13B
CUTANEOUS GLANDS
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
Found all over the skin, except on palms and soles
Ducts usually empty into a hair follicle but some open directly onto
skin surface
Secretion is called sebum, a mixture of oily substance and
fragmented cells that keeps skin soft and moist and prevents hair
from becoming brittle
If the drainage pathway for sebaceous gland becomes blocked for
some reason, the glands become infected, resulting in acne
Sebum also contains chemicals that kills bacteria
Become very active when sex hormones are produced in increased
amounts during adolescence, thus skin is oilier during this period of
life
Appendages of the Skin
Sebaceous glands (all over except
palms and soles of feet)
Produce oil
Lubricant for skin
Kills bacteria
Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
Glands are activated at puberty
Acne – active infection of sebaceous
glands
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.15
SWEAT GLANDS
Also called sudoriferous glands
Widely distributed in the skin; numerous in
palms, sole, axillary and pubic regions
Secretion evaporates and cools the body
2 types:
Merocrine
Apocrine
SWEAT GLANDS
Merocrine Sweat Glands
More numerous and found all over body especially in
forehead, back, palms and soles
Secretion reaches skin surface via a duct that opens
directly on surface of skin through sweat pores
Secretion is mostly water with few salts
SWEAT GLANDS
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Much larger, localized gland found in axillary and
pubic regions where they secrete into hair follicles
Not functional until puberty
Sweat glands
Widely distributed in skin
Two types
Eccrine
Open via duct to pore on skin surface
Apocrine
Ducts empty into hair follicles
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.16
Sweat and Its Function
Composition
Mostly water
Some metabolic waste
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
Function
Helps dissipate excess heat
Excretes waste products
Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
Odor is from associated bacteria
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.17
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Merocrine glands: forehead, back, palms, soles
More numerous
More viscous – fatty acids and proteins, empties into hair follicles
Parts of Hair
Shaft – the visible but dead portion of hair
projecting above surface of the skin
Root – enclosed in the follicle
Hair bulb matrix – the growth zone; contains
melanocytes that give color to the hair
HAIR
Hair
Produced by
hair bulb
Consists of hard
keratinized
epithelial cells
Melanocytes
provide pigment
for hair color Figure 4.7c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.18
Hair Anatomy
Central medulla
Cortex surrounds
medulla
Cuticle on outside of
cortex
Most heavily
keratinized Figure 4.7b
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Associated Hair Structures
Hair follicle
Dermal and epidermal
sheath surround hair root
Arrector pilli
Smooth muscle
Sebaceous gland
Sweat gland
Figure 4.7a
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LAYERS IN CROSS SECTION
Fine vellus hairs grow all over the body except the palms
and soles.
DEFINITIVE – GROWS UP TO A CERTAIN
LENGTH ONLY, MOST DOMINANT TYPE OF
HAIR . EYELASHES ,EYEBROW,PUBIC AND
AXILLARY HAIR.
Appendages of the Skin
Nails
Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
Heavily keratinized
Stratum basale extends beneath the nail
bed
Responsible for growth
Lack of pigment makes them colorless
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.21
Nail Structures
Free edge Figure 4.9
Body
Root of nail
Heavily
keratinized
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.22
Nail body – visible attached portion
Hyponychium – beneath free edge
Infections
Athletes foot
Caused by fungal infection
Boils and carbuncles
Caused by bacterial infection
Cold sores
Caused by virus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.23
Athlete’s Foot
Boils
Cold Sores
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Psoriasis
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
Burns
Tissue damage and cell death caused by
heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
Associated dangers
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Circulatory shock
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Rules of Nines
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Severity of Burns
First-degree burns
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
Second degree burns
Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
Skin is red with blisters
Third-degree burns
Destroys entire skin layer
Burn is gray-white or black
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Critical Burns
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Skin Cancer
Cancer – abnormal cell mass
Two types
Benign
Does not spread (encapsulated)
Malignant
Metastasized (moves) to other parts of
the body
Skin cancer is the most common type of
cancer
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.29
Skin Cancer Types
Basal cell carcinoma
Least malignant
Most common type
Arises from statum basale
Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from stratum spinosum
Metastasizes to lymph nodes
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.30
Basal Cell
Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Skin Cancer Types
Malignant melanoma
Most deadly of skin cancers
Cancer of melanocytes
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.31
ABCD Rule
A = Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
B = Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
C = Color
Different colors in pigmented area
D = Diameter
Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SLIDE 4.32