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Solutions
I. What is a solution?
A. Terms
A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent
The solute is the substance that gets .

The solvent does the .
A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent solute
solvent
The solute is the substance that gets dissolved.

The solvent does the dissolving.
A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent
2. Soluble/insoluble
A substance that is can be dissolved.

A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent
A substance that is soluble can be dissolved.

A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent
3. Miscible/
immiscible
Miscible substances are that

will dissolve in each other.
A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent
3. Miscible/
immiscible
Miscible substances are liquids that

will dissolve in each other.
A. Terms
1. Solute/solvent
3. Miscible/ immiscible
4. Electrolytes/non-
electrolytes
Electrolytes are liquids that are

capable of conducting electricity.
B. Types of solutions
1. Gaseous solutions
Air and other mixtures of gases

2. Liquid solutions
In some cases water is the solvent. These are

called ( ).
2. Liquid solutions
In some cases water is the solvent. These are

called (aqueous).
2. Liquid solutions
3. Solid solutions
Combinations of solids. Some are

homogenous mixtures of metals ( )
2. Liquid solutions
3. Solid solutions
Combinations of solids. Some are

homogenous mixtures of metals (alloys)
C. Making a solution
1. Solute/solvent particles
are separated.
are separated.
2. Solvent particles are
attracted to solute
particles.
This is called solvation.

With the solvent this is called hydration
are separated.
attracted to solute
particles.
This is called solvation.

With the solvent water this is called hydration
are separated.
attracted to solute
particles.
3. ‘Like dissolves like’
Polar/Non-polar Substances
Polar Non-polar
Water Carbon tetrachloride
Methanol Toluene (paint thinner)
Ethanol Hexane, heptane, octane
Acetic acid Benzene
Acetone Oil
Ionic compounds
D. Dissolving Ionic Compounds
in H2O
1. Water is polar because it has
two oppositely ends
in H2O
two oppositely charged ends
in H2O
2. The end of water is
attracted to the anion
Anion = negative ion

in H2O
2. The positive end of water is
attracted to the anion
Anion = negative ion

in H2O
3. The combined of water
molecules overcomes the
attractive force of solute.
in H2O
3. The combined pull of water
in H2O
3. The combined pull of water
4. The ionic compound is
dissociated into individual
ions.
Ex. NaCl (s) Na+ + Cl-

E. Dissolving Molecular
Compounds in H2O.
Compounds in H2O.
1. Water’s charged ends are
attracted to charged
portions of solute.
Compounds in H2O.
portions of solute.
2. The solute is surrounded by
water molecules.
Compounds in H2O.
portions of solute.
2. The solute is surrounded by
water molecules.
3. The solute remains intact.
F. Rate of Solvation
To speed up solvation. . .
1. Stir/shake
1. Stir/shake
2. Break apart solute
1. Stir/shake
2. Break apart solute
3. Heat the solvent
II. Is it soluble?
II. Is it soluble?
A. Not all ionic compounds
dissolve in water.
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
1. Solubility Table
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
1. Solubility Table
2. Writing physical states
(in equations)
Insoluble = (s) for solid

Soluble = ______________
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
1. Solubility Table
(in equations)
Insoluble = (s) for solid

Soluble = (aq) for aqueous
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
1. Solubility Table
(in equations)
3. Solubility Rules
Self Check – Ex. 1
Is copper (II) chloride
soluble?
Is zinc carbonate soluble?
Is calcium hydroxide
soluble?
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
B. In reality, ionic compounds
all dissolve in varying degrees.
Some compounds are very soluble while

others are slightly soluble
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
1. Solubility depends on
___________
Solubility
Curve
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
temperature
physical state
II. Is it soluble?
dissolve in water.
temperature
physical state
3. Solubility of gas depends
on pressure
Henry’s Law
The solubility (S) of a gas
in a liquid is directly
proportional to the
pressure (P) of the gas
S1 S2
=
P1 P2
The solubility of O2 in
water is 1.2 g/L when the
pressure 2.0 atm. What is
the solubility when the
pressure is 6.0 atm?
III. Heat of solution
A. Many reactions warm up
when you mix substances
Exothermic – heat given off

A. Many reactions warm up
B. Some reactions get colder
Endothermic – heat absorbed

IV. Concentration
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
A solution that has a lot of per solvent

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
A solution that has a lot of solute per solvent

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
2. Dilute
A solution that has a lot of .

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
2. Dilute
A solution that has a lot of solvent.

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
2. Dilute
3. Saturated
A solution with solute.

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
2. Dilute
3. Saturated
A solution with the maximum amount of solute.

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
2. Dilute
3. Saturated
4. Supersaturated
A solution with .
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
1. Concentrated
2. Dilute
3. Saturated
4. Supersaturated
A solution with more solute than it can hold.

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
Quantifying concentrations
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
a. By mass
mass solute
Percent by mass = x 100
mass solution
Solution = solute & solvent

What is the percent by
mass when 40 g of salt is
added to 200 g of water.
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
a. By mass
b. By volume
Percent by volume = x 100

IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
a. By mass
b. By volume
volume solute
Percent by volume = x 100
volume solution
What is the percent by
volume when 50 mL of
methanol is added to 450
mL of water.
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
2. Molarity
moles solute
Molarity = x 100
volume solution
A solution is formed by
adding 7.4 g of Ca(OH)2 to
500 mL of solution. What is
the molarity?
How many grams of
potassium nitrate, KNO3
are required to make 250
mL solution with a
molarity of 0.40 M?
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
2. Molarity
3. Molality
moles solute
Molality = x 100
volume solution
What is the molality of a
solution of 60 g of NaOH
and 2000 g of water?
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
1. Percentage
2. Molarity
3. Molality
4. Mole fraction
moles solute
Mole fraction =
moles solution
IV. Concentration
A. Terms
B. Measurements
C. Diluting solutions
M1V1 = M2V2
V. Solution Stoichiometry
A. Concentrations are ratios,
used like conversion factors
A. Concentrations are ratios,
used like conversion factors
B. Remember the rules
Stoich. Rules
1. Balance Equation
Stoich. Rules
1. Balance Equation
2. ID units of Unknown
Stoich. Rules
1. Balance Equation
3. Write given
Stoich. Rules
1. Balance Equation
3. Write given
4. Insert ‘conversion factors’
How many grams of AgCl
are formed when a 35.5 mL
sample 0.12 M AgNO3 is
added to excess NaCl
solution?
How many milliliters of
0.25 M HCl is required to
react with 4.0 g of NaOH?
VI. Colligative Properties
Properties affected by the number of solute

particles, but not the identify of those particles
A. Vapor Pressure: it’s lowered
A measure of liquid water’s ability to become a

vapor
B. Boiling Point: it’s elevated
C. Freezing Point: it’s lowered
C. Freezing Point: it’s lowered
D. Osmotic Pressure: it’s lowered
Osmosis is movement of water through a semi-

permeable membrane
VII. Heterogeneous Mixtures
A. Suspensions
A. Suspensions
B. Colloids
The end

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Solutions

The solute is the substance that gets .

The solute is the substance that gets dissolved.

A substance that is can be dissolved.

A substance that is soluble can be dissolved.

Miscible substances are that

Miscible substances are liquids that

Electrolytes are liquids that are

Air and other mixtures of gases

In some cases water is the solvent. These are

In some cases water is the solvent. These are

Combinations of solids. Some are

Combinations of solids. Some are

This is called solvation.

This is called solvation.

Anion = negative ion

Anion = negative ion

Ex. NaCl (s) Na+ + Cl-

Insoluble = (s) for solid

Insoluble = (s) for solid

Some compounds are very soluble while

Exothermic – heat given off

Endothermic – heat absorbed

A solution that has a lot of per solvent

A solution that has a lot of solute per solvent

A solution that has a lot of .

A solution that has a lot of solvent.

A solution with solute.

A solution with the maximum amount of solute.

A solution with more solute than it can hold.

Solution = solute & solvent

Percent by volume = x 100

Properties affected by the number of solute

A measure of liquid water’s ability to become a

Osmosis is movement of water through a semi-

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