Ba BSW Sem 1 Unit 1

Sub: Basic Computer
Applications
Code: UA01FECA02
Course: BA (Advanced)
1st Sem
Unit – 1
Introduction to Computer
• Topics to be Covered
1. Uses of Computers
2. Types of Computers
3. Computer Generations
4. Elements of Computer System
5. Hardware, Software
6. Primary Memory
7. Secondary Memory
8. Input & Output Devices
Created By: Mr. Arpan Raval [ILSASS] 2

1. Uses of Computers
• Computer: “Its an electronic device used to do
arithmetic and logical operations.”
• It takes input processes on it and gives the
output according to the user’s requirement.
• It’s a faster, accurate, versatile machine that
takes input processes on it and gives output
depends on the logic.

• How computers are Uses
– Basic ways in which computers are used.
• Data Processing
• Control
• Design and Development.
Data Processing: It includes Statistics, Mathematical

Processes, Payroll calculations, Word processing,
Business processing, in automated telling machine,
Banking transactions, retail stores, for the inventories,
file organization in governments etc.
Control: It can control mechanical devices and
processes. They Directs robots, all the major sensors are
controlled by the computers, to activate and deactivate.
In Scientific development also for the controlling we
have special computers.
Design and Development: Engineers can design a
product. Testing on the computer before manufacturing.
For example the wing of the airplane is first tested on
the computer whether it works in all the conditions or
not.
In Medical field use to create artificial joints. A wide use
of computer is in medical field like X-ray, CT scans,
endoscopy etc.
For the Information technology Engineers its backbone
to develop any kind of the system for any field.

Areas of Computer usages
• In a society where we have use of the
computers
1. Business and Industry: To handle large data
and the operations on that with faster and
accurate means its only possible with the
computers that haves the large memory to
store. In business and Industry the main
functionalities are like inventory
management, daily transaction recording,
analysis.
2. Science and Technology: In hospital from the entry to
prescription of the medicine every where you’ll finds the
computer. In the X-ray, in checking of Head MRI, in checking of
stomach the endoscopy for the bones X-ray.
For the Experiments of the Missile and the effect of that in the
computer we can fill same as the real.
3. Geology: Civil engineers also uses the computer called the

SEISMIC, that contains the expert architectural information
that evaluates the effects of the earthquake on the structures.
So many software are there that gives the perfect information
about the land by the sensors and the satellites.
4. Education: Almost all the schools in the U.S.A. have

computers for the teaching. As Science laboratories,
Classrooms, registration office.

The computers have the valuable aids for the
instruction and tutorials. For the accurate and faster
teaching in mathematics and also simulations of
science practical. Instead of only theory if the
students have the graphical way to learn will be
more effective than the routine.
5. Government: For the large data storage and for

the file security also government uses the
computer. To have more convenience like faster
retrieval of past data and to have centralized system
of the information government must need
computers.

6. Entertainment and recreation: For the entertainment
computerization is require for the editing and
manipulations. Some of the areas are as under of the
entertainment,
Music: For special effects, for example piano has digital
computers in itself. For pre-set rhythms, also have the
storage of the rhythms and variety of sounds can be
generated from the computer, for background music in
the movies.
Movies: Computer generated art gives more attraction to
the movies. Some artificial sets, some effects, some
artificial characters can contribute in the making of
movies. Some sea scenes and artificial ships, cartoons,
galaxies, spaceships, dramatic atmosphere etc.

Sports: In cricket, tennis all the major sports from
live telecast to decision making. For International
sports records and query firing for special mining.
Audio and Video help for the games.
Travel and Tourism: For the destination map,
distance calculation, possible paths, time evaluation
for the travel, concern history with the place in the
computer. Mining all the major information related
to travel and tourism.
7. Computer Based Products: Computer is used to
develop that products like, control the climate
inside the car, Means its of an Computerized
manageable car.

2. Types of Computers
• Based on size and complexity following are the
categories.
I. Personal Computer: Personal Computer (PC)
is a small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor. Although PC’s are designed
as a single user systems, it is common
practice to link them to from a network.

Personal Computer Types:
1. Desktop: Its not designed for the portability. The
expectation with desktop system is that you will
set the computer up in a permanent location.
2. Laptop Computer: Also called Notebook
Computer that can run on batteries.
3. Palmtop: More commonly known as Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA). Palmtops are tightly
integrated computers that often use flash
memory instead of a hard drive for the storage.
It has touch screen for inputs. Slight large is
known as handheld computer. Now days we
have smartphones as palmtops.
II. Work Station: A powerful, single-user
computer. Like a personal computer. But have
more powerful microprocessors.
It is used in engineering applications,
(CAD/CAM). Desktop publishing, Software
development.
Also high quality graphics capabilities.
In Networking means the workstation is every
node connected in the LAN Network.

III. Mainframe Computers: Originally mainframe
computers were huge computers that could fill
entire room in the past. They are the expensive
computers that supports even thousands of
users simultaneously. Right now that refers as
the servers.
IV. Supercomputers: Sophisticated, Expensive
computers. Fulfills the requirement of the faster
work on extreme. They are the special purpose
computers and only operated by the experts.

3. Computer Generations
• Generation in a computer talk is a step in
technology.
• It provides framework for the growth of the
computer industries.
• Generation was used to distinguished
between the varying in hardware only but
now a days it includes the hardware and
software both.

• Generations gives the overviews of the major
developments and technologies during the
five generations.
1. First Generation (1942 to 1955): They were
powered by thousands of vacuum tubes. ENIAC,
EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC and other similar
computers were large in the size. Require more
energy and generate more heat. Memory stored
on the magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Data of punch cards or paper. And binary and
assembly languages were used for the program.

2. Second Generation (1955 to 1964): Transistors
were the evolution of the second generation for the
characterization. Transistors was the made up of
the semiconducting material. Flow of the electricity
through the circuits. Transistors were smaller and
less expensive, physically smaller, more powerful
and require less electricity. With this in this
generation we had the magnetic disk for the
external storage. And punch card and magnetic
tape were the primary means for input.
The high level languages were there like FORTRAN,
COBOL, BASIC and PL/I were being developed.
3. Third Generation (1964 to 1975): It’s the era
of Integrated Circuits (ICs). They were smaller,
efficient and more reliable than their
processors, ICs can be manufactured and
assembled in the computers. Its cost was low.
In this era of 1969 a 1000 transistors could be
built on one chip of silicon. Magnetic Disks also
improved in this generation for the storage.
Monitors and keyboard were introduced for
data input and output. Operating System came
in the market and to control the system it works
rather than human.
4. Fourth Generation(1975-1989)
It’s the time of electronic components integration, so
it is known as large scale integration (LSI) when they
reach to integrate 30000 electronic components it
was called VLSI. PCs come into the market. Became
smaller, cheaper than mainframes and
minicomputers. But requires the air conditioning
areas/rooms. Consumes less power. Reliable and less
prone to hardware failures than 3Gen. Had faster
primary and Secondary storage. Programming were
done for computers by High level languages. C, C++
etc. GUI came into the market for ease of the user.
Network sharing started with disks and printers etc.

• Fifth Generation (1989-Present): It’s the era
of ULSI ultra large scale integration time.
Portable PCs, notebook computers time.
Handy than PC. More powerful. Normal air
conditioning require. Consumes less power
compare to forth generation. Plug and play
features. Very fast then all the generations.
Faster and larger primary and secondary
memory. Add on hardware and software
concepts. Very less price computers and other
peripheral devices are available.

4. Elements of computer system
• Welcome to Elements Computer System
• We are the Elements Of Your Computer System
The Five Basic Elements Of Computer System Are

1. Storage
2. Arithmetic and Logical Unit
3. Control Unit
4. Input device
5. Output device

1. Storage
In a computer, storage is the place where data is
held in an electromagnetic or optical form for
access by a computer processor.
In a more formal usage, storage has been
divided into:
(1) Primary storage, which holds data in
memory (sometimes called random access
memory or RAM) and other "built-in" devices
such as the processor's L1 cache, and
(2) Secondary storage, which holds data on hard
disks, tapes, and other devices requiring
input/output operations.
2. Arithmetic and Logical Unit
 It is also known as brain of the computer. And
it is the central processing unit that connects
all the other elements.
 An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital
electronic circuit that
performs arithmetic and bitwise
logical operations on integer binary numbers.
It is a fundamental building block of
the central processing unit (CPU) found in
many computers.
3. Control Unit
The control unit (CU) is a component of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) that
directs operation of the processor. It tells the
computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and
input and output devices how to respond to a
program's instructions.
It directs the operation of the other units by
providing timing and control signals

4. Input Device:
An input device is any device that provides input to
a computer. There are dozens of possible input
devices, but the two most common ones are a
keyboard and mouse. Every key you press on the
keyboard and every movement or click you make
with the mouse sends a specific input signal to
the computer.
For Example: joysticks, MIDI keyboards,
microphones, scanners, digital
cameras, webcams, card readers, UPC scanners,
and scientific measuring equipment.
5. Output Devices:
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a
computer) which converts the electronically
generated information into human-readable
form.
• For Example: Display devices include CRT
monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma
monitors, and televisions.
• Speakers, Headphones, Screen (Monitor), Printer,
Projector
• Plotter, Television, Radio

5. Hardware and Software
Hardware
Computer hardware is the physical parts or
components of a computer, such as the
monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data
storage, hard disk drive (HDD), system unit
(graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard and chips), and so on, all of
which are physical objects that can be touched
(that is, they are tangible).

Software
Computer software (often called just software)
is made of one or more computer programs.
Sometimes it means one specific program, or
it can mean all the software on a computer,
including the applications and the operating
system. Applications are programs that do a
specific thing, such as a game or a word
processor.
2 Types of software are there Application
Software and System Software

6. Primary Memory
In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store
information for use in a computer.
• Primary memory is computer memory that a processor
or computer accesses first or directly. It allows a
processor to access running execution applications and
services that are temporarily stored in a specific
memory location.
• Primary memory is also known as primary storage or
main memory.
• Primary storage, also known as main
storage or memory, is the area in a computer in
which data is stored for quick access by the
computer's processor. The terms random access
memory (RAM) and memory are often as synonyms for
primary or main storage.
• Primary storage is volatile and can be
contrasted with non-volatile secondary
storage, also known as auxiliary storage.
• This includes several types of memory, such as
the processor cache and system ROM.
However, in most cases, primary memory
refers to system RAM.

6. Secondary Memory
• Auxiliary memory, also known as auxiliary
storage, secondary storage, secondary
memory or external memory, is a non-volatile
memory (does not lose stored data when the
device is powered down) that is not directly
accessible by the CPU, because it is not accessed
via the input/output channels (it is an external
device). In RAM devices (as flash memory) data
can be directly deleted or changed.
• It is used to store a large amount of data at lesser
cost per byte than primary memory; secondary
storage is two orders of magnitude less expensive
than primary storage.

• Forms of Secondary Memory:
• Flash memory: An electronic non-volatile computer
storage device that can be electrically erased and
reprogrammed, and works without any moving parts.
Examples of this are flash drives, memory
cards and solid state drives. A version of this is
implemented in many Apple notebooks, Pen Drives.
• Optical disc: A storage medium from which data is read
and written by lasers. Optical disks can store much
more data — up to 6 gigabytes more than most
portable magnetic media, such as floppies. There are
three basic types of optical disks: CD-RWOM (read-
only), WORM (write-once read-many) & EO (erasable
optical disks).

• Magnetic Disk: A magnetic disk is a circular
plate constructed of metal or plastic coated
with magnetized material. Both sides of the
disk are used and several disks may be stacked
on one spindle with read/write heads
available on each surface. Bits are stored on
the magnetized surface in spots along
concentric circles called tracks. Tracks are
commonly divided into sections called sectors.
Disk that are permanently attached and
cannot be removed by the occasional user are
called hard disks. A disk drive with removable
disks is called a floppy disk drive.
7. Input and Output Devices
Input Devices:
To instruct computer or to command following input devices are used.
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Joy Stick
4. Light pen
5. Track Ball
6. Scanner
7. Graphic Tablet
8. Microphone
9. Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
10. Optical Character Reader(OCR)
11. Bar Code Reader
12. Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

• Keyboard
• Keyboard is the most common and very
popular input device which helps in inputting
data to the computer. The layout of the
keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter,
although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.
• Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102
keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108
keys are also available for Windows and
Internet.
• The keys on the keyboard are as follows:
Keyboard

• Mouse
• Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very
famous cursor-control device having a small palm size
box with a round ball at its base which senses the
movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals
to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
• Generally it has two buttons called left and right button
and a wheel is present between the buttons. Mouse
can be used to control the position of cursor on screen,
but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
Advantages
• Easy to use
• Not very expensive
• Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of
keyboard.

• Joystick
• Joystick is also a pointing device which is used
to move cursor position on a monitor screen.
It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both
lower and upper ends. The lower spherical
ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be
moved in all four directions.
• The function of joystick is similar to that of a
mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided
Designing(CAD) and playing computer games.

• Light Pen
• Light pen is a pointing device which is similar
to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu
item or draw pictures on the monitor screen.
It consists of a photocell and an optical system
placed in a small tube. When the tip of a light
pen is moved over the monitor screen and
pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing
element detects the screen location and sends
the corresponding signal to the CPU.

• Track Ball
• Track ball is an input device that is mostly
used in notebook or laptop computer, instead
of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted
and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can be
moved. Since the whole device is not moved,
a track ball requires less space than a mouse.
A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball,
a button and a square.

• Scanner
• Scanner is an input device which works more
like a photocopy machine. It is used when
some information is available on a paper and
it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the
computer for further manipulation. Scanner
captures images from the source which are
then converted into the digital form that can
be stored on the disc. These images can be
edited before they are printed.

• Digitizer
• Digitizer is an input device which converts analog
information into digital form. Digitizer can
convert a signal from the television or camera
into a series of numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the computer to
create a picture of whatever the camera had
been pointed at. Digitizer is also known as Tablet
or Graphics Tablet because it converts graphics
and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic
tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of
drawing and image manipulation applications.
• Microphone
• Microphone is an input device to input sound
that is then stored in digital form. The
microphone is used for various applications
like adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.

• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• MICR input device is generally used in banks
because of a large number of cheques to be
processed every day. The bank's code number
and cheque number are printed on the cheques
with a special type of ink that contains particles
of magnetic material that are machine readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR). The main
advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error
prone.

• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• OCR is an input device used to read a printed
text. OCR scans text optically character by
character, converts them into a machine
readable code and stores the text on the
system memory.

• Bar Code Readers
• Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading
bar coded data (data in form of light and dark
lines). Bar coded data is generally used in
labeling goods, numbering the books etc. It
may be a hand held scanner or may be
embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code
Reader scans a bar code image, converts it
into an alphanumeric value which is then fed
to the computer to which bar code reader is
connected.
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
• OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to
recognize the type of mark made by pen or
pencil. It is used where one out of a few
alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is
specially used for checking the answer sheets of
examinations having multiple choice questions.

Output Devices
The devices use to get output.
1. Speakers
2. Headphones
3. Screen (Monitor)
4. Printer
5. Projector
6. Plotter
Speakers
Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers,
are speakers external to a computer, that disable the
lower fidelity built-in speaker. They often have a low-
power internal amplifier. That generates the audio
from the computer as output.

Headphones
Headphones (or "head-phones" in the early days of
telephony and radio) are a pair of
small loudspeakers that are designed to be held in
place close to a user's ears. They are electro
acoustic transducers which convert an electrical
signal to a corresponding sound in the user's ear.
Headphones are designed to allow a single user to
listen to an audio source privately.

Screen (Monitor)
A monitor or a display is an electronic visual
display for computers. The monitor comprises
the display device, circuitry and an enclosure.
The display device in modern monitors is
typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal
display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older
monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about
as deep as the screen size.
CRT, LCD, and LED
Cathode ray tube, Liquid crystal display, light-
emitting diode
Printer
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes
a persistent human readable representation of
graphics or text on paper or similar physical
media. The physical output of the Graphics on the
Hard material like paper and other formats.
The two most common printer mechanisms are
black and white laser printers used for common
documents, and color inkjet printers which can
produce high quality photograph quality output.

Projector
A projector or image projector is an optical device that
projects an image (or moving images) onto a surface,
commonly a projection screen.
Most projectors create an image by shining a light
through a small transparent lens, but some newer
types of projectors can project the image directly, by
using lasers.
The most common type of projector used today is
called a video projector. Video projectors are digital
replacements for earlier types of projectors such
as slide projectors and overhead projectors.

Plotter
The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector
graphics. In the past, plotters were used in applications
such as computer-aided design, though they have
generally been replaced with wide-format conventional
printers. A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It
draws pictures on paper using a pen. Plotters are used to
print designs of ships and machines, plans for buildings
and so on.
Pen plotters print by moving a pen or other instrument
across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that
plotters are vector graphics devices, rather than raster
graphics as with other printers. Pen plotters can draw
complex line art, including text, but do so slowly because
of the mechanical movement of the pens.

Thank You……………………….

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Sub: Basic Computer

Created By: Mr. Arpan Raval [ILSASS] 2

Created By: Mr. Arpan Raval [ILSASS] 3

Data Processing: It includes Statistics, Mathematical

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3. Geology: Civil engineers also uses the computer called the

4. Education: Almost all the schools in the U.S.A. have

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5. Government: For the large data storage and for

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The Five Basic Elements Of Computer System Are

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