VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama Belagavi-590014

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BRINDAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BENGALURU-560063
2019-2020

A PRESENTATION ON
HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
PRAMIT ASHUTOSH SAHU 1BO15ME073
SYED AQUIB BILAL 1BO15ME103
UJJAWAL KUMAR 1BO15ME106
VIKRAM PRATAP CHAUHAN 1BO15ME107

Under the guidance of

MR. MANU PRASAD
Assistant professor
HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITES
 CONTENT
• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Objectives of Hybrid Polymer Composite
• Methodology Of Hybrid Polymer Composite
• Components of Hybrid Polymer Composite
• Experimental work
 COMPOSITES :
It is a material made from two or more constituent materials with
different physical or chemical properties. When they combined, produce a material with
different characteristics from the individual components. The individual components remain
separate and distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites
 POLYMER
It is a large molecule made up of chains or rings of linked repeating subunits, which
are called monomers. Polymers usually have high melting and boiling points.
Because the molecules consist of many monomers, polymers tend to have high
molecular masses
INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID POLYMER
• A combination of two or more types of fibers in a single polymeric matrix (also known as the hybrid
composite) can produce greater stiffness and strength in comparison with the individual
corresponding reinforced polymer composites. Different fibers have different properties and
characteristics.

• hybridization of composites can provide high stiffness and strength, improve the impact and fatigue
resistance, provide high fracture toughness and simultaneously cut the total weight and cost

• Hybridization is one of the effective methods of achieving desired properties of laminated

composites.

• Hybrid composites are produced by incorporating two or more types of fibers in a laminated
composite in order to achieve enhanced properties in comparison with the corresponding single
type fiber-reinforced composites

• Hybridizing the composite laminates provide the opportunity of benefiting from the advantages of
various fibers and suppressing their weaknesses. Hybridization has been used in order to improve
the fracture toughness, fatigue resistance and reduce the total cost or weight of composite
laminates
 Fiber
It is a natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the
manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example
carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
Fiber.There are many types of fibres like natural,glass,carbon,kevlar.

Epoxy Resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic
origin that is typically convertible into polymers. Resins are usually mixtures of organic compounds.

Reinforcement
Reinforce basically means To give more force to a particular thing. Reinforcement plays a role in increasing
the mechanical properties of a pure resin system, after reinforcing that material become composite material.
different fibres possess different properties hence effect the properties of material significantly.

Matrix
A fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) is a high-performance composite material made up of three components -
the fibers as the discontinuous or dispersed phase, the matrix acts as the continuous phase, and the fine
interphase region or the interface.
 GLASS FIBER
A Fiberglass is a form of Fiber-reinforced plastic where glass Fiberglass is the reinforced plastic. This is the reason
perhaps why Fiberglass is also known as glass reinforced plastic or glass Fiberglass reinforced plastic. The glass
Fiberglass is usually flattened into a sheet, randomly arranged or woven into a fabric. According to the use of the
fiberglass, the glass fibers can be made of different types of glass.
Fiberglass is lightweight, strong and less brittle. The best part of Fiberglass is its ability to get molded into various
complex shapes. This pretty much explains why Fiberglass is widely used in bathtubs, boats, aircraft, roofing, and
other applications.

Types and forms of fiberglass:

Depending on the raw materials used and their proportions to make Fiberglass, Fiberglass can be classified into
following major types:
A-glass: A glass is also called as alkali glass and is resistant to chemicals. Due to the composition of A glass fiber,
it is close to window glass. In some parts of the world, it
is used to make process equipment.
C-glass: C-glass offers very good resistance to chemical impact and is also called as
chemical glass.
E-glass: It is also called as electrical glass and is a very good insulator of electricity.
AE-glass: This is alkali resistant glass.
S glass: It is also called as structural glass and is known for its mechanical properties
Properties of Fiberglass:
• Mechanical strength: Fiberglass has a specific resistance greater than steel. So, it is used
to make high-performance
• Electrical characteristics: Fiberglass is a good electrical insulator even at low thickness.
• Incombustibility: Since Fiberglass is a mineral material, it is naturally incombustible. It
does not propagate or support a flame. It does not emit smoke or toxic products when
exposed to heat.
• Dimensional stability: Fiberglass is not sensitive to variations in temperature and
hygrometry. It has a low coefficient of linear expansion.
• Compatibility with organic matrices: Fiberglass can have varying sizes and has the ability
to combine with many synthetic resins and certain mineral matrices like cement.
• Non-rotting: Fiberglass does not rot and remains unaffected by the action of rodents and
insects.
• Thermal conductivity: Fiberglass has low thermal conductivity making it highly useful in
the building industry.
• Dielectric permeability: This property of Fiberglass makes it suitable for electromagnetic
windows.
 Applications of Fiberglass
Materials with high-temperature insulation provide an effective thermal barrier for industrial gaskets. Since
Fiberglass is durable, safe and offers high thermal insulation,
Fiberglass is one of the widely preferred materials in industrial gaskets. They not only provide a better insulation
but also help in protecting the machinery, conserving the energy and ensure the safety of the professional
workforce. This is the reason perhaps why Fiberglass is widely used in industries given below:

• Chemical industry: In this industry, the Fiberglass grating is used for anti-slip safety feature of the embedded
grit surface and the chemically resistant feature of different resin compounds. The chemicals being used are
matched with the resins.
• Docks and marinas: The docks get corroded, rusted and damaged by the salty sea water. So, Fiberglass is
used here for protection.
• Manufacturing: The embedded grit surface of Fiberglass grating ensures slip resistance in the areas that are
wet or in places where hydraulic fluids or oils are present.
• Metals and mining: Fiberglass grating is used in electronic refining areas prone to chemical corrosion. Other
grating materials cannot be used here.
• Power generation: Many areas of the power generation industry like tank farms, scrubbers, and others use
Fiberglass. The reason for this is the non-conductive property of Fiberglass.
• Automotive industry: Fiberglass is extensively used in automobile industry. Almost every car has Fiberglass
components and body kits.
• Aerospace & Defence: Fiberglass is used to manufacture parts for both military and civilian aerospace
industry including test equipment, ducting, enclosures, and others.
 CARBON FIBER
Carbon Fiber is a polymer and is sometimes known as graphite fiber. It is a very strong material that is also very
lightweight. Carbon fiber is five-times stronger than steel and twice as stiff. Though carbon fiber is stronger and
stiffer than steel, it is lighter than steel; making it the ideal manufacturing material for many parts. These are just a
few reasons why carbon fiber is favored by engineers and designers for manufacturing.

Properties of Carbonfiber:
Carbon fiber is made of thin, strong crystalline filaments of carbon that is used to strengthen material. Carbon
fiber can be thinner than a strand of human hair and gets its strength when twisted together like yarn. Then it can
be woven together to form cloth and if needed to take a permanent shape, carbon fiber can be laid over a mold
and coated in resin or plastic.

On top of being strong, carbon fiber:

● Is high in stiffness
● Is high in tensile strength
● Has a low weight to strength ratio
● Is high in chemical resistance
● Is temperature tolerant to excessive heat
● Has low thermal expansion
Applications of Carbon fiber
Almost anything. If you would like a carbon fiber pint glass, that can be made. ICE has made many different
shapes with carbon fiber and other composites, including:
• Bike frames
• Aircraft Wings
• Automotive drive shafts
• Tubing
• Containers
• Propeller blades
• Car components

According to a research carbon fiber composites could reduce passenger car weight by 50%, which would improve
fuel efficiency by nearly 35% without compromising the performance of the car or the safety of its passengers.
 GRAPHITE POWDER
Graphite is a semi-metal which has varied uses. It is one of the softest metals, and is carbon in its stable form.
This may be soft but does not have elastic or stretching properties.

Properties of Graphite powder:

• has a high melting point, similar to that of diamond. In order to melt graphite,
it isn't enough to loosen one sheet from another. You have to break the covalent
bonding throughout the whole structure.
• has a soft, slippery feel, and is used in pencils and as a dry lubricant for things like locks. You can think of
graphite rather like a pack of cards - each card is strong, but the cards will slide over each other, or even fall
off the pack altogether. When you use a pencil, sheets are rubbed off and stick to the paper.
• has a lower density than diamond. This is because of the relatively large amount of space that is "wasted"
between the sheets.
• Is insoluble in water and organic solvents - for the same reason that diamond is insoluble. Attractions
between solvent molecules and carbon atoms will never be strong enough to overcome the strong covalent
bonds in graphite.
• conducts electricity. The delocalised electrons are free to move throughout the sheets. If a piece of graphite
is connected into a circuit, electrons can fall off one end of the sheet and be replaced with new ones at the
other end.
 Applications of Graphite Powder
Carbon brushes :electrical conductivity and low friction and self-lubrication

• Refractories: thermal resistance, thermal conductivity and low wettability by liquid metals

• Electrodes for electric arc furnaces : thermal resistance and electric conductivity

• Lubricants: low friction and self-lubrication

• Friction materials: low friction, self-lubrication, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance) contain up to 15%
graphite powder for controlling coefficient of friction and dissipation of friction energy
• Graphite foil: thermal resistance, chemical resistance

• Cathodic material in zinc-carbon and lithium-ion batteries: electrical conductivity and chemical resistance
• Moderators in nuclear reactors : resistance to neutron radiation, thermal resistance

• Carbon fibers for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites : high strength, low density

• Carbon-Carbon Composites : low CTE, high Modulus of Elasticity and strength, low density
• Pencils: low friction
 Epoxy 5052 Resin
Araldite® LY 5052 is a low-viscosity epoxy resin that is used with Aradur® 5052, a mixture of polyamines, to
form a cold curing epoxy system. This system has many applications in aerospace and industrial composites,
tooling, aircraft repair.

Features
• Low viscosity, easy impregnation of reinforcement materials.
• Long pot life (2 hours for 100 mL at ambient temperature)
• Ample processing time allows production of large objects
• Ambient temperature curable with high temperature resistance (glass transition temperature) after post-cure
at 100 to 120 °C
• Excellent mechanical and dynamic properties after ambient cure with potential for even higher properties
after post-cure at elevated temperatures
• Laminates also show outstanding mechanical and dynamic properties.
 LITERATURE SURVEY
■ Vikas Sahu has fabricated and tested the mechanical properties of fiber hybrid composites
reinforced in epoxy resin. They have conducted bending, tensile and impact tests. It is
concluded that increase in percentage of sisal fiber increases the tensile & bending strength.
Increase in percentage of pine apple fiber reduces impact strength. Composite made by 50%
sisal and 50% pine apple have maximum impact strength and good tensile and bending
strength.
■ Jayaramudu, Agwuncha, Ray, Sadiku, and Rajulu studied with natural Polyalthiacerasoide
woven fabrics mixing with epoxy composite. The woven fabrics extracted from bark of the tree
to make hybrid composites. The hand lay-up technique was used to fabrication of hybrid
composite at room temperature. The surface modification of woven fibre was done by the
process ofalkali treatment. The microstructure and morphology studied was completed using
Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopic methods
respectively. The FTIR analyses represent the least value of hemi-cellulose andlignin contents
of alkali treated woven fabric. The hybrid composite suggested for various applications in
building and construction industries as panels for partitioning, flooring, storage tanks and
table taps,
 Rajuand kumar was studied the effect of variation of thickness on bending/flexural behaviour of glass fiber
reinforced in epoxy based laminated composite material. The laminate composite samples fabricated by using
vacuum baggage technique. The fabricated specimen was subjected to static three-point bending and followed
as per ASTM D90 standards. The flexural strengthened stiffness of the composites were estimated to evaluate
the flexural property of laminated composites.

 Aarthi and Velmurugun worked focused on analysis of property of resin and fiber performance of glass/epoxy
laminates with Impact and compression test. Fabrication of composite followed by vacuum bag method by curing
for specified time in hot air oven. It was observed delamination propagation extend throughout with width of
sample specimen between middle plies influenced the sub-laminate buckling.
 METHODOLOGY
• The basic engineering properties of a composite material can be determined by either experimental stress
analysis (testing) or theoretical mechanics (micromechanics). The micromechanics approach utilizes knowledge
of the individual fibre and resin properties, and the proportionality of fibres to the resin in the lamina. A rule of
mixtures approach can best be used to derive the majority of the composite lamina properties.
• The fabrication of composite material includes the selection of the required fibre and matrix material, and
collects the appropriate amount of matrix (Resin).
• Composites laminated were fabricated at room temperature in shape of rectangle plates by hand layup
technique proper care was taken during fabrication of laminates to ensure uniform thickness minimum voids in
the material and maintain homogeneity.Fig.3(a) and Fig.3(b) shows the sample preparation.
• The laminates were fabricated by placing the glass fiber fabrics and Carbon fibre fabrics one over the other with
a matrix in between the layers. These fabrics are stacked layer by layer of about 8,11 layers to attain the
thickness of 2mm,3mm respectively as per the ASTM Standard Specimen.

• The laminates were cured in room temperature and at constant pressure for two days. The laminates were cut
to suit ASTM dimension by a band saw cutter and edges were ground.

• All composites were processed such that fiber fraction was greater than the epoxy resin. For the purpose of
investigation 3 different orientation and two different thicknesses were selected. Thickness selected were 2mm
and 3mm. The fiber orientation selected for the experimentation was ±30º, ±45º, ±60º. For the purpose of
varying the volume fraction of the specimens, the number of carbon and glass fabric layers was varied from 8 to
11.
 Vacuum bag moulding
This method is an extension of the wet lay-up process in that the pressure is applied to the laminate once laid-up
in order to improve its consolidation. This is done by sealing a flexible plastic film or an elastomeric membrane
(silicon, nylon or polyimide) commonly called as “vacuum bag” over the wet laid-up laminate and onto the tool.
The air under the bag is extracted by a vacuum pump and thus up to one atmosphere of pressure can be applied
to the laminate to consolidate it, while ensuring removal of air pockets to maximum extent. Thus, the vacuum bag
technique is an improvement over the contact moulding process in that; it provides a near void free composite
with greater control over the thickness and fibre fraction of the moulded product. Further, in the vacuum bag
moulding technique, several processing aids like a porous peel ply, a perforated plastic film (a porous plastic film)
and a non-woven fabric breather are placed between the vacuum bag and the wet layup to facilitate removal of
excess resin from inside out under the influence of a uniformly distributed vacuum. Figure below shows a
schematic of the above process.
 EXPERMENTAL WORK

• The project is on the process of making hybrid composite.

• We have contacted NAL and PESIT college as the experiment can be done in this
places only.

• We are under the process of making the composite fibre according to the
specification of their machine so that It can be tested on their machine.