Presented By:

AMOROTO
BAGUIO
GABIANA
MONTEBON
OSLAY
PITOGO
SAGARINO
Basic Formulas
1. Gross head, hg
hg = Head Water Elevation – Tail Water Elevation
hg = H.W Elev – T.W Elev
2. Friction head loss, hf
A. Using Darcy’s Equation B. Using Morse Equation

𝑓𝐿𝑣 2 2𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷 𝑔𝐷
3. Net head, h
h = hg-hf
4. Penstock Efficiency, e 9. Turbine Ouput
ℎ
𝑒= Wt = Qwh(ηt)
ℎ𝑔
5. Volume Flow of water, Q 10. Generator Output
Q = A(V) GO = Qwh(ηt)(ηe)
6. Water Power, Pw 11. Generator Speed
120𝑓
Pw = wQh N =
𝑃
7. Turbine Efficiency, ηt 12. Utilized head, hw
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
ηt = hw = h(ηh)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
8. Turbine Efficiency, ηe
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
ηe =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
13. Head of Pelton (Impulse) turbine:
𝑃 𝑣2
h = +
𝑤 2𝑔

14. Head of Reaction (Francis and Kaplan) turbine:

𝑃 (𝑣𝑎2 −𝑣𝑏2 )
h= + +𝑧
𝑤 2𝑔
15. Specific speed of hydraulic turbine:
𝑁 𝐻𝑃
A. Ns = 5 , 𝑟𝑝𝑚
ℎ4
0.2623𝑁 𝐻𝑃
B. Ns = 5 , rpm
ℎ4
16. Total Efficiency, ηt
ηt= ηh(ηm)(ηv)
 WORD PROBLEMS
1.) The flow of a river is 20 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 and
produces a total brake power of 6,000 KW. If
it is proposed to install two turbines each
has 85% efficiency what is the available
head?
A. 35 m
B. 37 m
C. 39 m
D. 36 m
2.) For a proposed hydro-electric plant the tail water
and head water elevation is 100 m and 195 m,
respectively. If available flow is 10 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 and head
loss of 5% of water available head. What is the water
power?
A. 3261.8 KW
B. 4254.6 KW
C. 5874.5 KW
D. 2456.6 KW
3.) A hydro-electric power plant consumes
52,6500,000 KW-hrs per annum. Expected
flow is 1665 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 and overall efficiency is
65%. What is the net head?
A. 30 m
B. 31 m
C. 32 m
D. 34 m
4.) A Pelton type turbine has 30 m head friction
loss of 4.5 m. The coefficient of friction head loss
is 0.00093 and penstock length of 80 m. What is
the penstock diameter?
A. 1234 mm
B. 3476 mm
C. 677 mm
D. 1686 mm
5.) From a height of 65 m , water flows at the rate of
0.85 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 and driving a water turbine connected
to an electric generator revolving at 170 rpm.
Calculate the power developed by the turbine in KW
if the total resisting torque due to friction is 540 N-m
and velocity of the water leaving the turbine blades
is 4,75 m/s.
A. 623.34 KW
B. 656.89 KW
C. 522. 8 KW
D. 541. 98 KW
6.) The penstock of hydro-electric plant is 0.5
x 0.5 m with velocity of 5.5 m/sec has a head
of 20 m. What is the output of the turbine if
the turbine efficiency is 87 %?
A. 845.32 KW
B. 789.34 KW
C. 654.56 KW
D. 234.56 KW
7.) The specific speed of turbine in 75 rpm
and running at 450 rpm. If the head is 20 m
and generator efficiency is 90%. What is the
maximum power delivered by the generator?
A. 450.5 KW
B. 354.5 KW
C. 650.5 KW
D. 780.5 KW