EMISSION

Definition of terms
Emission
any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or
unwanted sound from a known source which is
passed into the atmosphere

Greenhouse gases (GHG)

those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected
to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide,
methane, oxides of nitrogen, CFCs, and the like
Air emission during the processes of finding &
producing petroleum
NOx
VOCs
SOx
CO
Particulate matter
 Environmental
impact

Raw Production Final

Material Processes Use
VS
 Increase food prices

Renewable

EROI: 5.5 only EROI: 16

Environmentally-friendly
Only alternative fuel to have a complete
evaluation of emission results & potential
health effects submitted to the US EPA
 Air emission during the processes of finding
& producing petroleum
1. Combustion
Onshore drilling Product transport
Crude oil transport 4% 1%
 Operation of internal combustion engines
(drilling rigs, compressors, & pumps)
5%
NOx Emission

=
25 lbs
formaldehyde
3.5 lbs NOx
Refineries
 Two primary pollutant emitted: NOx and 22% Gas processing activities
47%
partially burned hydrocarbons 1.5 lbs benzene

 Operation of heater treater, boilers, &

steam generators (carbon monoxide or
SOx) 1 million cubic feet (MMcf)
Production activities
21%

Crude oil (1.1% sulfur content) = 7.5 lbs sulfur per barrel of fuel burned
2. Emissions from Operation
a) fixed roof tanks (volatile hydrocarbons)
b) wastewater tanks (volatile hydrocarbons)
c) loading racks
d) casing gas (fromBreathing losses
thermal recovery operations)

Working losses
Thermal recovery operations : hydrocarbon vapors, CO, sulfur
compounds
Flashing losses
3. Fugitive Emissions
“Hydrocarbons escape from production systems through leaking
components like valves, flanges, pumps, compressors, connections,
hatches, sight glasses, dump level arms, packing seals, fittings, &
instrumentations.”

“ An average of about 5 % of all components in

field locations leak. “
-
American Petroleum Institute,1980
 GHG Emission of the World in MtCO2 : 1990-2010
Global GHG Emission: 1990-2010
Source: European Commission Joint Research Centre(JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Emission
Database for Global; Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)
Country
World
Average
44,710
% Share
100.0
Top 10 Country Emitters
Forestry Agriculture Industry Buildings Transport Energy
China Waste 7,666 17.15
USA 6,668 14.91

31 % 4%
Russia
India
2,721
2,103
6.09
4.70
11%
Indonesia 1,912 4.23
Southeast Asian Countries

38,258 MtCO2 49,329 MtCO2 Myanmar 562 1.26

1990 2010 11% Thailand

Malaysia
413
330
0.72
0.66
35% Vietnam 306 0.46
Philippines 159 0.31
Cambodia 192 0.20
Singapore 50 0.10

18% Brunei 20 0.04

13% 8%
GHG in the Philippines
Global emission data from 2010-2014

Nitrous oxide Fluorinated gases

6% 2%

Methane
16%

Carbon dioxide
76%
Average % share of world’s 𝐶𝑂2 emissions by
source: 1990-2014
Global Carbon Atlas, 2014

40,000 6
Manufacture of
Cement Gas Flaring
35,000 1%

Carbon dioxide in metric ton (MT)

4% 5
30,000
Gas 4
25,000 Oil 19%
35%
20,000 3

15,000
2
10,000
1
5,000

0 0
Coal
1990 1993 1995 2003 2004 2014
41%
Year

Total carbon dioxide (MT) Growth Rate

Top 10 country emitters of 𝐶𝑂2 in the world (in million tons) : 1990-2014
Global Carbon Atlas, 2014

Country Total 𝐶𝑂2 emissions Share to Total (%)

Top 10 446,893 66.64
United States of America (USA) 140,199 20.90
China 130,384 19.44
Russia 40,646 6.06
India 34,874 5.20
Japan 30,262 4.51
Germany 22,063 3.29
United Kingdom (UK) 13,425 2.00
Canada 13,099 1.95
South Korea 11,128 1.66
Italy 10,812 1.61
ASEAN 23,140 3.45
Others 200,623 29.91
Total 670,656 100.00
Total 𝐶𝑂2 emissions of ASEAN member-countries (in Million Tons):
1990-2014
9000
9000

Average
8000 Annual Carbon Dioxide
8000
Emission by Sector (Philippines):

Total carbon dioxide emission (million ton)

7000
2000-2014
Total carbon dioxide emission (million ton)

7000
6000
6000
5000

5000
4000 14% Industry

4000 3000 Transportation

41%
3000 2000 Energy Sector's Own
Use
1000 Other Sectors
2000 34%

0 Electricity Generation
1000 9% 2%

0
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Darussalam
ASEAN Country
ASEAN Country
Philippines’ Annual 𝐶𝑂2 Emission by Type of
Fuel : 2000-2014 (In Million Tons)
Data: Department of Energy

34%

58%

8%

Coal Natural Gas Oil

 PETRODIESEL BIODIESEL
PARTICULATE MATTER
Knothe, et al. 2006
75-83%
0.8

Particulate Matter (mg)

0.6

PARTICULATE MATTER 0.4

Rubianto, et al. 2013
0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Biodiesel blend
PETRODIESEL BIODIESEL
NOx emissions
Sharp, et al. 2000
Gragg 1994
McCormick 2005
10-30% (B100)
Krahl, et al. 1995

NOx emissions
McCormick 2002 1-7% (B20)
Sze 2007
 NOx increase
Unsaturated Saturated
1. Type of biodiesel
feedstock (Soybean, rapeseed, etc) e.g. animal fats

2. Engine technology

3. Biodiesel Blend
Is biodiesel used as a pure fuel or is it
blended with petroleum diesel?

Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel or

blended with petroleum in any percentage.
B20 (a blend of 20 percent biodiesel with 80
percent petroleum diesel) has demonstrated
significant environmental benefits with a
minimum increase in cost for fleet
operations and other consumers.
 Can I use biodiesel in my existing diesel
engine?
Biodiesel blends of up to 20 percent work
in any diesel engine with no modifications
to the engine or the fuel system. Biodiesel
has a cleansing effect that may release
deposits accumulated on tank walls and
pipes from previous diesel fuel usage. The
release of deposits may end up in fuel
filters initially, so fuel filters should be
checked more frequently at first. Ensure
that only fuel meeting the biodiesel
specification (D 6751) is used.
Can biodiesel help mitigate “global warming”?
Biodiesel is the best greenhouse gas
mitigation strategy for today’s medium
and heavy duty vehicles. A 1998 biodiesel
lifecycle study, jointly sponsored by the
U.S. DOE and the U.S. DOA, concluded
biodiesel reduces net carbon dioxide
emissions by 78 percent compared to
petroleum diesel. This is due to biodiesel’s
closed carbon cycle. The CO² released into
the atmosphere when biodiesel is burned
is recycled by growing plants, which are
later processed into fuel.
 Does biodiesel take more energy to make than
it gives back?
No. Biodiesel has one of the
highest “energy balance” of any
liquid fuel. For every unit of
fossil energy it takes to make
biodiesel, 5.5 units of energy are
gained. This takes into account
the planting, harvesting, fuel
production and fuel
transportation to the end user.
Is biodiesel better for human health than
petroleum diesel?
Scientific research confirms that biodiesel
exhaust has a less harmful impact on human
health than petroleum diesel fuel. Pure
biodiesel emissions have decreased levels of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and
nitrited PAH compounds that have been
identified as potential cancer causing
compounds. And also particulate matter as
discussed earlier, is reduced.
Do I need special storage facilities?
In general, the standard storage and
handling procedures used for petroleum
diesel can be used for biodiesel. The fuel
should be stored in a clean, dry, dark
environment.
Acceptable storage tank materials include
aluminum, steel, fluorinated
polyethylene, fluorinated polypropylene
and teflon. Copper, brass, lead, tin, and
zinc should be avoided.