Research in Language

Teaching
G RO U P 2
Raesa savelia
Regen Rano Quantitative paradigm
Septian Rezi
Research process

in quantitative , these
designs are used:

1 experimental
.2 correlational
.3 survey
.
What is quantitative paradigm?
Chosen example

Quantitative: Deslandes, R., & Bertrand, R. (2005). Motivation of parent

involvement in secondary-level schooling. Journal of Educational Research,
98(3), 164–175.

Quantitative research is the collection and analysis of numerical data to describe, explain,
predict, or control phenomena of interest.

In quantitative research, the investigator identifies a research problem based on

trends in the field or on the need to explain why something occurs.
Underlying quantitative research methods is the philosophical belief or assumption that we inhabit a
relatively stable, uniform, and coherent world that we can measure, understand, and generalize about.
Definition and Purpose of Hypotheses in Quantitative
Studies

A hypothesis is a researcher’s prediction of the research findings, a statement of the

researcher’s expectations about the relations among the variables in the research topic.

A quantitative researcher formulates a hypothesis before conducting the study because the
nature of the study is determined by the hypothesis.

Although all hypotheses are based on theory or previous knowledge and are aimed at extending knowledge,
they are not all of equal worth.

The following guidelines will help ensure that you develop a good research hypothesis:
A hypothesis should be based on a sound rationale
A good hypothesis provides a reasonable explanation for the predicted outcome.
A good hypothesis states as clearly and concisely as possible the expected relation (or difference) between variables and
defines those variables in operational, measurable terms.
Sampling in quantitative
research
Quantitative researchers generally do not gather data from the entire population—it’s
rarely necessary and even more rarely feasible, especially if the population of interest
is large or geographically scattered.
If a sample is well selected, the results of a study testing that sample should be generalizable
to the population.
Defining the population
The first step in sampling is to define the population to which results will be generalizable. Ex: all 10th-grade students in
Senior High School 10 Padang.
Selecting a Random Sample
Simple random sampling Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Quantitative variables

Quantitative variables exist on a continuum that ranges from low to high, or less to
more. Ordinal, interval, and ratio variables are all quantitative variables because they
describe performance in quantitative terms. Examples are test scores, heights, speed,
age, and class size.
 Quantitative data collecting

paper-and-pencil methods
are favored by quantitative researchers.

the test taker has to select from among a set of given answers;
selection these methods include multiple choice, true–false, and matching
questions.

the test taker has to supply an answer; supply items include

Supply questions that require the responder to fill in the blank or write a
short answer or essay.
Quantitative data analysis

Descriptive
statistic
Statistics is simply a set of procedures for describing, synthesizing, analyzing, and interpreting
quantitative data. For example, statistical procedures can produce one number (i.e., the mean) that
indicates the average score of 1,000 students.
The major types of descriptive statistics discussed in the following sections are
frequencies,
measures of central tendency,
measures of variability,
measures of relative position,
and measures of relationship.
Descriptive
statistic
Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of times
something occurs; with descriptive statistics,
frequency usually refers to the number of times
each value of a variable occurs.
Measures of central tendency
Measures of central tendency are indices that
represent a typical score among a group of
scores.
The mean, median and
mode
measures of variability
Although measures of central tendency are very useful statistics for
describing a set of data, they are not sufficient.
The range, quartile deviation, standard
deviation
measures of relative position
measures of relative position show how well an individual has performed as
compared to all other individuals in the sample who have been measured on
the same variable. Earlier, this topic was addressed as norm referenced
scoring.
measures of relationship
Measures of relationship indicate the degree to which two sets of scores are
related.
What is quantitative paradigm?
Overview of qualitative and quantitative research characteristics
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Type of data Numerical data Nonnumerical narrative and visual data
collected

Research Hypothesis and research procedures stated before Research problems and methods evolve as understanding of topic deepens
problem beginning the study

Manipulation of Yes No
content
Sample size Larger Smaller
Relies on statistical procedures Relies on categorizing and organizingdata into patterns to produce a
Research descriptive, narrative synthesis
procedures

Participants Little interaction Extensive interaction

interaction
We live in a stable and predictable world that we can Meaning is situated in a particular perspective or context that is different
Underlying
measure, understand, and generalize about. for people and groups; therefore, the world has many meanings.
beliefs
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BY METHOD
A research method comprises the overall strategy followed in collecting and
analyzing data.

1 survey research
Determines and reports the way
2 correctional research
. test hypotheses or answer questions about the current . determine
things are; it involves collecting numerical data to
Correlational research involves collecting data to
whether, and to what degree, a relation
exists between two or more quantifiable variables.
status of the subject of study.

3 Causal–Comparative Research4 Experimental Research

attempts to determine at least one independent
. thein thecause, or reason, for existing differences
behavior or status of groups of individuals.
. variable is manipulated, other relevant variables
are controlled, and the effect on one or more
dependent variables is observed.
5 Single-subject Research
are those used to study the behavior change that an individual
. or group exhibits as a result of some intervention or treatment.
1 survey research
Determines and reports the way things are; it involves collecting numerical data to test hypotheses or answer
. questions about the current status of the subject of study.

Survey research data are mainly collected through questionnaires, interviews, and
observations.
A survey is an instrument to collect data that describe one or more
characteristics of a specific population.

as the name suggests, a researcher attempts to infer information about a population based on a
representative sample drawn from that population.
Sample generalize sample
surveys survey data to an entire
population, the sample
researchers attempt to acquire information from
every member of a population.
responding to the survey should
accurately represent all the subgroups
Census Census surveys are usually conducted when a
within the population. surveys population is relatively small and readily
accessible.
1 survey research
Determines and reports the way things are; it involves collecting numerical data to test hypotheses or answer
. questions about the current status of the subject of study.
THE EXAMPLE
1 survey research
Determines and reports the way things are; it involves collecting numerical data to test hypotheses or answer
. questions about the current status of the subject of study.

cross-sectional survey is one in which data are collected from selected individuals at a single point
in time. It is a single, stand-alone study.
Cross-
Cross-sectional designs are effective for providing a snapshot of the current behaviors,
Sectional attitudes, and beliefs in a population
Surveys Cross-sectional studies are not effective if the researcher’s goal is to understand trends or
development over time.

In a longitudinal survey study, data are collected at two or more times. These surveys are
extremely useful for studying the dynamics of a topic or issue over time
Longitudinal
surveys Longitudinal studies require an extended commitment by the researcher and the
participants— some difficulties in conducting longitudinal studies include keeping track of
sample members over time and maintaining sample members’ willingness to participate in
the study. Attrition (i.e., participants dropping out) is common.
2 correlational research
Correlational research involves collecting data to determine whether, and to what degree, a relation exists between two or

. more quantifiable variables.

Correlational research is sometimes treated as a type of descriptive research, primarily

because it describes an existing condition.
The purpose of a correlational study may be to determine relations among variables (i.e., a relationship study) or to use these
relations to make predictions (i.e., a prediction study).

The
DESIGN
The basic correlational research design is not complicated: Scores for two (or more) variables of interest are obtained for
each member of the sample, and the paired scores are then correlated. The result is expressed as a correlation coefficient
that indicates the degree of relation between the two variables. Correlational research may be in the form of relationship
studies or prediction studies.
2 correlational research
Correlational research involves collecting data to determine whether, and to what degree, a relation exists between two or

. more quantifiable variables.

THE EXAMPLE

Coefficient Relation Between

Variables
Between 0.35 and –0.35 Weak or None

Between 0.35 and 0.65 Moderate

or between –0.35 and –0.65

Between 0.65 and 1.00 Strong

or between –1.00
and –0.65 Strong
3 Causal–Comparative
Research
.
attempts to determine the cause, or reason, for existing differences in the behavior or status of groups of individuals.

The basic causal–comparative design involves selecting two groups that differ on some
variable of interest and comparing them on some dependent variable.

Types of appropriate research questions

Questions focused on independent variables that are:

Age intelligent
Anxiety
organismic Sex ability Aptitude personality
Self-esteem
Ethnicity Ability

Income Preschool attendance

Family- SES
school- Type of school
related related
Family Environment Size of school
4 Experimental Research
.
at least one independent variable is manipulated, other relevant variables are controlled, and the effect on one or
more dependent variables is observed.

An experiment typically involves a comparison of two groups (although some experimental studies have only one
group or even three or more groups). The experimental comparison is usually one of three types: (1) comparison of two
different approaches (A versus B), (2) comparison of a new approach and the existing approach (A versus no A), and (3)
comparison of different amounts of a single approach (a little of A versus a lot of A).
5 Single-subject Research
.
are those used to study the behavior change that an individual or group exhibits as a result of some intervention or
treatment.

Study includes a sample size of one, or when a number of individuals are considered one
group.

In single-subject designs each participant serves as his or her own control.

In general, the participant is exposed to a nontreatment and treatment phase, and

performance is measured during each phase.

Single-subject designs are most frequently applied in clinical settings where the primary
emphasis is on therapeutic impact, not contribution to a research base.