A Word and Its

Relatives: Derivation
Group 3:
Aura Namira Briliantasya (1803046004)
Ani Fitrianty (1803046024)
Kaffah Visa Alvionita (1803046029)
Moh. Hanifun Nafis (1803046036)
 Relationships Between Lexemes

perform, performs, performed and performance.

 perform, performs and performed
• Grammatically conditioned variants
of one lexeme
• Perform
• Rammatical factors
• Inflectional’ suffixes
 performance was not one of these
variants
• No grammatical factor
• The presence of -ance on
performance
• Derivational suffixes
 Derivational Suffixes

Used for all aspects of word-structure involving affixation that is not

inflectional.

Thus derivational morphology is concerned with one kind of

relationship between lexemes.

Relationships involving affixation, and the grammatical and semantic

tasks that such affixation can perform.
• both the affixes and their tasks are quite diverse.
base
 The term base for the partially complete word form to which an affix
is attached so as to create either an inflected word form or a new
lexeme.

 Some bases are roots.

• bound (e.g. wive-, the base for wives)
• free (e.g. cat, the base for cats).

 Others already contain a root and one or more affixes.

• Helpful as the base for helpfulness
 WORD CLASSES & CONVERSION
Refers to a group of words which have similar functions.
Word classes are divided into open classes and closed classes.

OPEN CLASSES CLOSED CLASSES

Include lexical words such as: Have limited membership. They
Nouns (dinner, place, Semarang), include function words such as:
Verb (meet, drive, go, pick), • Pronoun (it, he, who,
Adjectives (old, angry, helpful), anybody, ne),
Adverbs (quickly, carefully, fast). • Determiners (a, the, tht, some,
each, several),
• Modal verbs (may, could, must),
• Auxiliary verbs (be, have, do),
• Conjunctions (and, but, if,
unless),
• Prepositions (in, at, of, by, with
 CONVERSION
Conversion is the word formation process in which a word of one
grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form without
English any changes to spelling or pronunciation
Kinds of conversion:
• Noun to Verb Conversion
• Verb to Noun Conversion
• Other Conversions
For example:
Adjective to verb : green to green ( to mae environmentally friendly)
Preposition to noun : up, down the ups and downs of life
Conjunction to noun : if, and, but, no ifs, ands, or buts
Adverb Derived From Adjective

Adjective may also follow the word they modify.

Example: That puppy looks cute

Adjective are used to modify nouns:

Example: The dog is loud

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs,

adjectives, or other adverbs.
Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjective or other adverbs:
Example: The dog barks loudly.
Noun Derived From Nouns
SUFFIXES MEANING EXAMPLES
-let, -ette, - Small X Droplet, booklet, cigarette, doggie Noun Derived From Adject
ie SUFFIXES EXAMPLES
-ess, -ine Female X Waitress, princess, heroine -ity Purity, equality,
-er, -(i)an Inhabitant of X Londoner, New Yorker, Texan, ferocity, sensitivity
Glaswegian -ness Goodness, tallness,
-ship, -hood State of being an X Kingship, ladyship, motherhood, fierceness,
priesthood sensitiveness
-ist, -ian Devotee of or expert Contortionist, Marxist, logician, -ism Radicalism,
on X historian conservatism
Noun Derived From Verbs
SUFFIXES EXAMPLES
-ance, -ence Performance, ignorance, reference, convergence
-ment Announcement, commitment, development, engagement
-ing Painting, singing, building, igoring
-((a)t)ion Denunciation, commission, organisation, confusion
-al Refusal, arrival, referral, committal
-er Painter, singer, organiser, grinder
Some non-affixal ways of deriving abstract nouns (other that
conversion) are:
Non-affixal Ways Nouns Verbs
Change in the position of the Pérmit Permít
stress Tránsfer Transfér
Change in the final consonant Belief Believe
Proof Prove
Defence Defend
Change in a vowel Song Sing
Seat Sit
Adjective Derived From Adjectives Adjective Derived From Verbs
AFFIXE EXAMPLES SUFFIXES EXAMPLES
S -able Breakable, readable, reliable,
-ish Greenish, smallish, remotish watchable
un- Unhappy, unsure, unreliable, undiscovered, -ent, -ant Repellent, expectant, conversant
uneatable, unreadable, unlawful, untouschable -ive Repulsive, explosive, speculative
in- Inedible, intangible
il- Illegible, illegal
Words with suffixes –ed, -en, -ing can also be adjectives.
Example:
 A not very interesting book.
 The party-goers sounded very drunk.
 The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post.

Some of bound verb roots appear in a number of derived lexemes, such as

the aud- root that occurs in (in)audible, audition, audience, and auditory.
Suffixes that form adjective from nouns are numerous. Here are some:
SUFFIXES EXAMPLE
-ful Joyful, hopeful, helpful, meaningful
-less Joyless, hopeless, helpless, meaningless
-al Original, normal, personal, national
-ish Boyish, loutish, waspish, selfish

Verb derived from verbs

PREFIXES EXAMPLES
Re- Repaint, re-enter
Un- Untie, untangle
De- Decompose, desensitise
Dis- Disentangle, disbelieve
Verbs derived from nouns and from adjective are numerous. Some affixes for
deriving verbs from nouns are:
AFFIXE EXAMPLES
S
De- Debug, deforest, delouse
-ise Organise, patronise, terrorise
-(i)fy Beautify, gentrify, petrify

There are also some common verbs that are derived by replacing the final
voiceless consonant of a noun with a voiced one, perhaps with some vowel
change too (parallel to the relationship between belief anf believe, although
there it was the verb that seemed more basic.
Nouns Verbs
Bath Bathe
Breath Breathe
House […s] House […z]
Wreath wreathe
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION 