Learning

- is the process by which an

individual acquires knowledge,
attitudes and skills that are
necessary to meet the demands of
life.
`` The term learning covers every modification in behavior
to meet environmental requirements.’’
Gardener Murphy
`` Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the
strengthening or weakening of old behavior as the result of
experience.’’
Henry P. Smith
`` Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and
attitudes. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It
enables him to satisfy interests to attain goals.’’
Crow and Crow
`` Learning is shown by a change of behavior as a result of
experiences.’’
Cronback and J.P. Guilford
 The behavior of an individual
is thus changed through experiences.

This change in behavior brought

about by experiences is commonly known
as learning.
Learning can result from both vicarious
and direct experiences.

Vicarious Experience - means observing

someone and learning from that observation
and not being directly involved in the
experience.

Direct Experience - means directly involved

in the experience.
 Learning is Universal
• Every creature that lives learns. Man learns most.
The human nervous system is very complex, so are
human reactions and so are human acquisition.

Learning is Through Experience

• Leaning always involves some kind of
experience, direct or indirect (vicarious).
 Learning is from all Sides.
• Today learning is from all sides. Children learn from
parents, teachers, environment, nature, media, etc.

Learning is Continuous
• It denotesthe lifelong nature of learning. Every
day new situations are faced and the individual has
to bring essential changes in his style of behavior
adopted to tackle them. Learning is birth to death.
 Learning results in Change in Behavior.
• It is a change of behavior influenced by previous
behavior. It is any activity that leaves a more or less
permanent effect on later activity.

Learning is an Adjustment
• Learning helps the individual to adjust himself
adequately to the new situations. Most learning in
children consists in modifying, adapting, and
developing their original nature. In later life the
individuals acquire new forms of behavior.
 Learning comes about as a result of practice.
• It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven
that students learn beat and retain information longer
when they have meaningful practice and repetition.
Every time practice occurs, learning continues.

Learning is a relatively Permanent Change.

• After a rat wake up from his nap he still remembers
the path to the food. Even if we have been on a bicycle
for years, in just a few minutes practice we can be quite
proficient again.
 Learning as Growth and Development.
• It is never ending growth and development. At reach
stage the learner acquires new visions of his future
growth and news ideals of achievement in the
direction of his effort.

Learning is not directly observable

• The only way to study learning is through some
observable behavior. Actually, we cannot observe
learning; we see only what precedes performance, the
performance itself, and the consequences of
performance.
Types of Learning:
Motor learning:
•Most of our activities in our day-to-days life refer to
motor activities.
•The individual has to learn them in order to maintain
his regular life
Verbal learning:
•This type of learning involves the language we speak,
the communication devices we use.
Concept learning:
•It is the form of learning which requires higher order
mental processes like thinking, reasoning, intelligence,
etc.
•We learn different concepts from childhood
Discrimination learning:
•Learning to differentiate between stimuli and
showing an appropriate response to these stimuli
Learning of principles:
•Individuals learn certain principles related to science,
mathematics, grammar, etc. in order to manage their
work effectively.
Problem solving:
•This is a higher order learning process. This learning
requires the use of cognitive abilities- such as thinking,
reasoning, observation, imagination, generalization,
etc. this is very useful to over come difficult problems
encountered by the people.
Attitude learning:
•Attitude is a predisposition which determines and
directs our behavior. We develop different attitudes
from our childhood about the people, objects and
everything we know.
•Our behavior may be positive or negative depending
upon our attitudes.