Assoc. Prof. Mark Edward S. Paulo, Ph.D.

Faculty, Southville International School and

Colleges
 Biological Diversity
 It includes all
organisms,
species, and all
populations:
genetic variations,
and all their
complex
assemblages of
communities and
ecosystems.
 Biodiversity is defined
as the vast variety of
life forms in the entire
earth.
 It encompasses all kinds
of life forms, from the
single celled organisms
to the largest multi-
cells organisms. Its
definition is in the
structural and
functional perspective
and not as an individual
species
 Another definition of
biodiversity is “ the
variability among
living organisms from
all sources, including
terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic
ecosystems and the
ecological complexes
of which they are
part; this includes
diversity within
species, between
species, and of
ecosystems.
 Biodiversityis the
source of the
essential goods and
ecological services
that constitute the
source of life for all
and it has direct
consumptive value
in food, agriculture,
medicine, and in
industry”.
 Genetic diversity –
different genes contained
in all individual organisms.
 Species diversity -
differences within and
between population
 Ecosystem diversity – all
the different habitats,
biological communities,
and ecological processes
 Cultural diversity – human
interactions
 Genesis 1:27-30
…. rule over the fish in the sea
and the birds in the sky and
over living creatures that
move on the ground-
everything that has a breath
of life in it…

 Food
 Shelter and
Warmth
 Medicines
 According to the World
Health Organization,
biodiversity is a vital element
of a human being’s nutrition
because of its influence to
food production.
 Biodiversity is a major factor
that contributes to
sustainable food production
for human beings.
 A society or a population
must have access to a
sufficient variety of
nutritious food as it is a
determinant of their health
as human beings.
 Habitat loss and
destruction
 Introduction of
exotic (non-native)
species
 Over-exploitation
 Pollution and
Contamination
 Global Climate
Change
SHANNON-
WEAVER
DIVERSITY
INDEX
 Species Abundance pi lnpi Pi(lnpi)
Coral Fishes 20,000
0.53 -0.63 -0.33

Brain corals 12,000 0.32 -1.13 -0.36

Echinoderms 2,000
0.05 -3.00 -0.15

Crustaceans 4,000
0.11 -2.21 -0.24

Total Absolute value

38,000 1.08
(disregard the (-) sign
pi = abundance lnpi = (press) ln then type (pi) 2.94 LOW
total number of species Example: ln 0.52631
= -0.64186
Example: 20,000 (coral fishes) NATURAL LOGARITH (ln)
38,000 (total number) pi(lnpi) = (pi) (lnpi) get the product
= 0.52631 Example: (0.52631) (-0.64186)
= -0.03378 Lower than 3.0 (Low
abundance)
E is a constant at 2.71828183. In the
example, 2.71828183 raised to the
power of 1.08 equals 2.98. This is the Greater than 3.0
Shannon-Weaver diversity index for this (Highly abundant)
example.
 Species Abundance pi lnpi Pi(lnpi)
Guppies 56,000

Siamese Fighting 74,000

Fish

Gouramis 25,000

Barbs 64,000

Total

pi = abundance lnpi = (press) ln then type (pi)

total number of species
Lower than 3.0 (low
pi(lnpi) = (pi) (lnpi) get the product biodiversity index)
Higher than 3.0 (high
biodiversity index
 Compute for the Shannon – Weaver
Diversity Index

Species Specimen Abundance pi lnpi Pi(lnpi)

Image
Philippine 200
Monkey
Eating Eagle

Palawan Bear 120

Cat
(Binturong)

Tamaraw 420

Bleeding 300
Heart Pigeon

Total
Compute for the Shannon – Weaver
Diversity Index

Species Specimen Abundance pi lnpi Pi(lnpi)

Image
Tarsier 121

Philippine 320
Macaque

Narra 505

Kamagong 301

Total
 Create a poster that will get the
attention of the government to protect
the Philippine Biodiversity. Your slogan
must feature endemic species (native)
of the country.
 Note: There must be NO TEXTUAL
ELEMENTS in your poster. It should be
wholly GRAPHICAL.
 Focus on the theme:
“Biodiversity determines the country’s
community”