BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

RESPIRASI SEL

Bag 3. FISIOLOGI TUMBUHAN

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.1 Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells
and removes carbon dioxide
 Breathing and cellular respiration are closely related

BREATHING
O2 CO2

Lungs

CO2 Bloodstream O2

Muscle cells carrying out

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Sugar + O2  ATP + CO2 + H2O

Figure 6.1
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6.2 Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP
molecules
 Cellular respiration breaks down glucose molecules and banks their energy in
ATP
 The process uses O2 and releases CO2 and H2O

Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon Water Energy

dioxide

Figure 6.2A

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  The efficiency of cellular respiration
(and comparison with an auto engine)

Energy released Energy released Gasoline energy

from glucose from glucose converted to
(as heat and light) banked in ATP movement
100%

About
40% 25%
Burning glucose “Burning” glucose Burning gasoline
in an experiment in cellular respiration in an auto engine

Figure 6.2B

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6.3 Connection: The human body uses energy
from ATP for all its activities
 ATP powers almost all cell and
body activities

Table 6.3
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BASIC MECHANISMS OF ENERGY RELEASE
AND STORAGE
6.4 Cells tap energy from electrons
transferred from organic fuels to oxygen
 Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized

Loss of hydrogen atoms

Energy
Glucose
Gain of hydrogen atoms

Figure 6.4

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6.5 Hydrogen carriers such as NAD+ shuttle
electrons in redox reactions
 Enzymes remove electrons from glucose molecules and transfer them to a
coenzyme

OXIDATION

Dehydrogenase
and NAD+

REDUCTION

Figure 6.5

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STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND
FERMENTATION
6.8 Overview: Respiration occurs in three main
stages

• Cellular respiration oxidizes sugar and

produces ATP in three main stages
– Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
– The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
occur in the mitochondria

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 • An overview of cellular respiration

High-energy electrons
carried by NADH

GLYCOLYSIS ELECTRON
KREBS
Glucose Pyruvic TRANSPORT CHAIN
CYCLE
acid AND CHEMIOSMOSIS

Cytoplasmic
fluid Mitochondrion

Figure 6.8

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6.9 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by
oxidizing glucose to pyruvic acid

Glucose Pyruvic
acid

Figure 6.9A

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 PREPARATORY
Steps 1 – 3 A fuel Glucose PHASE

• Details of
molecule is energized, Step (energy investment)
using ATP. 1
Glucose-6-phosphate
glycolysis 2

Fructose-6-phosphate
3

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step 4 A six-carbon 4
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
intermediates. (G3P)

5 ENERGY PAYOFF
Step 5 A redox PHASE
reaction generates
NADH. 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
6

Steps 6 – 9 ATP 3-Phosphoglyceric acid

and pyruvic acid 7 (2 molecules)
are produced.
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
8 (2 molecules)

2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
Figure 6.9B (2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
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6.10 Pyruvic acid is chemically groomed for the
Krebs cycle

• Each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to

form CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl group, which
enters the Krebs cycle

Pyruvic Acetyl CoA

acid (acetyl coenzyme A)

CO2
Figure 6.10

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6.11 The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of
organic fuel, generating many NADH and
FADH2 molecules
Acetyl CoA
• The Krebs cycle
is a series of
reactions in
which enzymes
strip away KREBS
CYCLE
2
CO2
electrons and
H+ from each
acetyl group

Figure 6.11A

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 2 carbons enter cycle
Oxaloacetic
acid
1

Citric acid

5 CO2 leaves cycle

KREBS 2
CYCLE

Malic
acid

4
Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
3
CO2 leaves cycle
Succinic
acid

Step 1 Steps 2 and 3 Steps 4 and 5

Acetyl CoA stokes NADH, ATP, and CO2 are generated Redox reactions generate FADH2
the furnace during redox reactions. and NADH.

Figure 6.11B

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6.12 Chemiosmosis powers most ATP production

• The electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel

down the electron transport chain to oxygen
• Energy released by the electrons is used to
pump H+ into the space between the
mitochondrial membranes
• In chemiosmosis, the H+ ions diffuse back
through the inner membrane through ATP
synthase complexes, which capture the energy
to make ATP

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 • Chemiosmosis in the mitochondrion

Protein
complex

Intermembrane Electron
space carrier

Inner
mitochondrial
membrane

Electron
flow

Mitochondrial
matrix

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE

Figure 6.12

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6.13 Connection: Certain poisons interrupt critical
events in cellular respiration
Rotenone Cyanide, Oligomycin
carbon monoxide

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE

Figure 6.13

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6.14 Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many
molecules of ATP
• For each glucose molecule that enters cellular
respiration, chemiosmosis produces up to 38
ATP molecules
Cytoplasmic Mitochondrion
fluid
Electron shuttle
across
membranes

KREBS
GLYCOLYSIS
2
2 KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON
Glucose Acetyl CYCLE TRANSPORT CHAIN
Pyruvic CoA AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
acid

by substrate-level used for shuttling electrons by substrate-level by chemiosmotic

phosphorylation from NADH made in glycolysis phosphorylation phosphorylation

Maximum per glucose:

Figure 6.14

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6.15 Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to
aerobic respiration

• Under anaerobic conditions, many kinds of

cells can use glycolysis alone to produce small
amounts of ATP
– But a cell must have a way of replenishing
NAD+

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 • In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is
converted to CO2 and ethanol
– This recycles NAD+ to keep glycolysis working

released

GLYCOLYSIS

2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
Glucose acid

Figure 6.15A Figure 6.15C

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 • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
– As in alcoholic fermentation, NAD+ is recycled

• Lactic acid fermentation is used to make cheese

and yogurt

GLYCOLYSIS

2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic acid

acid
Glucose

Figure 6.15B

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INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN
MOLECULAR BREAKDOWN AND SYNTHESIS
6.16 Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as
fuel for cellular respiration
• Polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed to
monosaccharides and then converted to glucose
for glycolysis
• Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which
are chemically altered and then used in the
Krebs cycle
• Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and
the Krebs cycle
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 • Pathways of molecular breakdown

Food, such as
peanuts

Polysaccharides Fats Proteins

Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

Amino
groups

Pyruvic ELECTRON
Glucose G3P Acetyl KREBS
acid TRANSPORT CHAIN
CoA CYCLE
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
GLYCOLYSIS

Figure 6.16
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6.17 Food molecules provide raw materials for
biosynthesis

• In addition to energy, cells need raw materials

for growth and repair
– Some are obtained directly from food
– Others are made from intermediates in
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

• Biosynthesis consumes ATP

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 • Biosynthesis of macromolecules from
intermediates in cellular respiration
ATP needed to
drive biosynthesis

GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS
KREBS Acetyl Pyruvic
G3P Glucose
CYCLE CoA acid

Amino
groups
Amino acids Fatty acids Glycerol Sugars

Proteins Fats Polyscaccharides

Cells, tissues, organisms

Figure 6.17
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6.18 The fuel for respiration ultimately comes from
photosynthesis

• All organisms have the

ability to harvest energy
from organic molecules
– Plants, but not animals,
can also make these
molecules from inorganic
sources by the process of
photosynthesis

Figure 6.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings