DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

INTRODUCTION:
• An ordinary differential
equation is an equation or
a relationship between an
independent variable X and
dependent variable Y and
one or more derivatives of
Y with respect to X.
• It is the order of the
derivatives that determine the
order of the differential
equations. For example:
• ? 1st order D.E

• ? 2 nd order D.E
• ?

• ?
• D.Es are used to represent
changing quantities (variables)
Which frequently occur in
Scientific and Engineering
problems.
• Many practical problems in
st
engineering give rise to 1 and
nd
2 order D.Es.
• Solutions of Diff Equations
• In solving differential eqns, we
manipulate them so as to
eliminate all the derivatives
and leave a relationship
between the dependent
variable y and the
independent variable x.

There are different types of 1st

order D.Es. The method used
Solving them will depend on the
st
type of 1 order equation
being considered.
• Type1: These are differential
equations of the form:
these are solved by direct
integration.
And integrating both sides gives

.
•.
•.
•.
• This depends on the ability to
separate Y terms from the X
terms to the form:

• Example 3: Solve the first

order differential equation
.
EX 4: Solve the differential
equation.

Example 5:
• TYPE 3: These are first order
differential eqns of the form
• …3

• Where P and Q are both

functions of x. They may also be
mere constants.
• METHOD OF SOLUTION: The
Use Of Integrating Factor. The
approach to this method is to
always multiply both sides of
st
the given 1 order linear
differential equation by an
integrating factor (I.F)
• Ex 6: solve the D.E equation

• Re-writing the given eqn gives

• Comparing this eqn with (1)

shows that

hence multiplying the given

Eqn. thru with gives
• Integrating both sides
• A careful study of eqn.1.31
shows that it could be written
as

•
• This gives a formular we could
st
use to solve 1 order linear
• D.Es of the type shown in 1.3.
.

Solution: Comparing the given

problem with eqn. 1.3 shows
that:

.
And using eqn. 1,3.2 i.e

.
And substituting known values

.
.
• Re-write the given problem as
•.

• On application of eqn. 1.3 :

•.
• Assignment: solve the 1st order
Differential Equation:
• Practice problem: Find the
particular solution of
• Solution: rewrite the problem

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