Overview

 Organizational development is...

 organizational wide
 planned intervention
 managed from the top
 aimed at increasing an organization’s health &
effectiveness
 using behavioral science knowledge
The Need for Development

 Changing nature of the workforce

 Rapidly changing technology
 Economic changes
 Changes in social trends
Steps in the Planned Change Process

 Anticipating change
 Developing consultant-client relationships
 Diagnosis
 Planning
 Action
 Evaluating & Stabilizing
Intervention Strategies and Techniques

 Behavioral
 Sensitivity Training
 Survey Feedback
 Process Consultation
 Team Building
 Structural
 Redesigning the organization
 Technical
 Redesigning the way work is done
Ingredients for Successful Change
 Readiness for change
 High-quality solution
 Solution is acceptable to members
 Determined by
 Process by which change is introduced
 Adequacy of solution
 Individual resistance
 Systematic resistance
Outcomes of OD Efforts

 No change occurred 25% to 50% of the time

 Difficult to measure change accurately
 Criterion selection
 Criterion contamination
 Difficult to overcome resistance to change
Overcoming Resistance to Change

 Education and Communication

 Create a vision
 Participation and Involvement
 Facilitation and Support
 Negotiation and Agreement
 Manipulation and Co-optation
 Reward and Coercion
 Organizational Development

Characteristics Focus
1. Planned Change Change is planned by managers to achieve goals.
2. Collaborative Approach Involves employees in change planning
3. Performance Orientation Emphasis on improving/enhancing performance
4. Humanistic Orientation Emphasis on increased use of human potential
5. Systems Approach Emphasis on relationships among elements
6. Scientific Method Scientific approaches supplement experience
 Power and Outcomes

Base of Type of Outcome

Power Commitment Compliance Resistance
Referent Likely Possible Possible
Expert Likely Possible Possible
Legitimate Possible Likely Possible
Reward Possible Likely Possible
Coercive Very Unlikely Possible Likely

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