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Experimental Design
Investigator controls one or more independent
variables
– Called treatment variables or factors
– Contain two or more levels (subcategories)
Observes effect on dependent variable
– Response to levels of independent variable
Experimental design: Plan used to test
hypotheses
Parametric Test Procedures
Involve population parameters
– Example: Population mean
Require interval scale or ratio scale
– Whole numbers or fractions
– Example: Height in inches: 72, 60.5, 54.7
Have stringent assumptions
Examples:
– Normal distribution
– Homogeneity of Variance
Examples: z - test, t - test
Nonparametric Test Procedures
One factor,
completely randomized
design
Completely Randomized
Design
Experimental units (subjects) are assigned
randomly to treatments
– Subjects are assumed homogeneous
One factor or independent variable
– two or more treatment levels or classifications
Analyzed by [parametric statistics]:
– One-and Two-Way ANOVA
Mini-Case
After working for the Jones Graphics
Company for one year, you have the
choice of being paid by one of three
programs:
- commission only,
- fixed salary, or
- combination of the two.
Salary Plans
Commission only?
Fixed salary?
Combination of the
two?
Is the average salary under the
various plans different?
Commission Fixed Salary Combination
425 420 430
507 448 492
450 437 470
483 437 501
466 444 ---
492 --- ---
Assumptions
Homogeneity of Variance
Normality
Additivity
Independence
Homogeneity of Variance
Total variation
ANOVA Partitions Total
Variation
Total variation
Variation due to
treatment
ANOVA Partitions Total
Variation
Total variation
Total variation
Total variation
Type of speaker?
The interaction
between amplifier
and speaker?
Are the effects of amplifiers, speakers, and
interaction significant? [Data in decibel units.]
Amplifier/
A1 A2 A3 A4
Speaker
9 8 8 10
S1 9 11 7 15
12 16 1 9
7 5 0 6
S2 1 9 1 7
4 6 7 5
Hypothesis
Amplifier H0: 1 = 2 = 3 = 4
H1: Not all means are equal
Speaker H0: 1 = 2
H1: Not all means are equal
Main Effects
amplifier 97.79167 3 32.5972 3.589 0.0372
speaker 135.37500 1 135.3750 15.319 0.0014