BAIRSTOW

METHOD
Group 5:

Fuad Nurtsani (061)

Azriel Iqbal ()
Leonard Bairstow (1880-1963)

Leonard Bairstow was born at Halifax

in Yorkshire on 25 June 1880 and

began his education in the elementary

and secondary schools of Halifax.

Bairstow is best remembered for his

work in aviation and for Bairstow's

method for arbitrarily finding the roots

of polynomials.
 Bairstow Method is an iterative method used to find both the real and complex
roots of a polynomial. It is based on the idea of synthetic division of the given
polynomial by a quadratic function and can be used to find all the roots of a polynomial.
Given a polynomial say,

Bairstow's method divides the polynomial by a quadratic function.

Now the quotient will be a polynomial

and the remainder is a linear function , i.e.

 b1 = a 1
b2 = a2 + rb1
b3 = a3 + rb2 + sb1
. bn = 0
. bn+1 = 0
bn = an + rbn-1 + sbn-2
bn+1 = an+1 + rbn + sbn-1

Since the quotient and the

remainder

are obtained by standard synthetic division the

coefficients can be obtained

by

the above recurrence relation.

If is an exact factor of then the remainder is zero and the real/complex roots of are the roots of . It
may be noted that is considered based on some guess values for . So Bairstow's method reduces to determining the values
of r and s such that is zero. For finding such values Bairstow's method uses a strategy similar to Newton Raphson's method.

Since both and are functions of r and s we can have Taylor series expansion of , as:

or

(2.9)
(2.10)

Where, ∆r = r* - r and ∆s = s* - s
To solve the system of equations (2.9) and (2.10) , we need the partial derivatives of bo, b1 w.r.t. r and s. Bairstow has shown
that these partial derivatives can be obtained by synthetic division of fn-2 (x) , which we can get the value of ci from bi with
the same method of getting bi from ai. So,

c1 = b1
cn = bn – rcn-1 – scn-2
c2 = b2 – rc1
Cn+1 = bn+1 + rcn + scn-1
c3 = b3 – rc2 – sc1
 Deravatives of polynomial on equation (2.9) and (2.10) can be defined as coefficient ci

b1 = a 1 𝜕𝑏1 𝜕𝑏1
=0 =0
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑏2 𝜕𝑏2
b2 = a2+ rb1 =b1 = c1 =0
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠

b3 = a3 + rb2 + sb1 𝜕𝑏3 𝜕𝑏2 𝜕𝑏3

= b2 + r 𝜕𝑟 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
𝜕𝑟
= b2 + rc1 = c2 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑏4 𝜕𝑏3
𝜕𝑏4 𝜕𝑏3 𝜕𝑏2 =𝑟 + 𝑏2
b4 = a4 + rb3 + sb2 = 𝑏3 + 𝑟 +𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 = 𝑏2 + 𝑟𝑐1 = 𝑐2
= 𝑏3 + 𝑟𝑐2 + 𝑠𝑐1 = 𝑐3

bn = an + rbn-1 + sbn-2 𝜕𝑏𝑛 𝜕𝑏𝑛

= 𝑐𝑛 − 1 = 𝑐𝑛 − 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑏𝑛 + 1 𝜕𝑏𝑛 + 1
bn+1 = an+1 + rbn + sbn-1 = 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑐𝑛 − 1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠
Equation (2.9) and (2.10) can be written as:

cn-1 . ∆r + cn-2 . ∆s = - bn (2.11)

cn . ∆r + cn-1 . ∆s = - bn+1 (2.12)

From equations above, we can determine the value of ∆r and ∆s

−𝑏𝑛 𝑐𝑛 1 𝑏𝑛 1 𝑐𝑛 2 −𝑏𝑛 1 𝑐𝑛 1 𝑏𝑛 .𝑐𝑛

∆r = . − + + . − ∆s = + . − +
𝑐𝑛 1 2 − 𝑐𝑛. 𝑐𝑛 2 𝑐𝑛 1 2 − 𝑐𝑛.𝑐𝑛 2
− − − −

r* = r + ∆r
s* = s + ∆s
 EXAMPLE 2.1

Find all roots of x3 – 6x2 + 11 x – 6 = 0 using Bairstrow method,

with 0.05 is the tolerance value

Iteration r s an bn cn ∆r (r* - r) ∆s (s* - s) [∆s] + [∆r]

a1 = 1 b1 = 1 c1 = 1
a2 = -6 b2 = -6 c2 = -6
1 0 0 2.4 3.4 5.8
a3 = 11 b3 = 11 c3= 11
a4 = -6 b4 =-6 c4 = -6
a1 = 1 b1 = 1 c1 = 1
a2 = -6 b2 = -3.6 c2 = -1.2
2 2.4 3.4 -0.5157 -6.3788 6.8945
a3 = 11 b3 = 5.76 c3= 6.28
a4 = -6 b4 =-4.416 c4 = 6.576
c1 = 1
a1 = 1 b1 = 1
c2 = -2.2314
a2 = -6 b2 = -4.1157
3 1.8843 -2.9788 c3= -6.9175 0.61821 1.11352 1.73173
a3 = 11 b3 = 0.26595
c4 =
a4 = -6 b4 = 6.76116
0.37349
c1 = 1
a1 = 1 b1 = 1
c2 = -0.995
a2 = -6 b2 = -3.4975
4 2.5025 -1.8653 c3= -3.9731 0.37489 -0.0092 0.38409
a3 = 11 b3 = 0.38218
c4 = -6.6064
a4 = -6 b4 = 1.48037
Iteration r s an bn cn ∆r (r* - r) ∆s (s* - s) [∆s] + [∆r]

a1 = 1 b1 = 1 c1 = 1
a2 = -6 b2 = -3.1226 c2 = -0.2452
5 2.87739 -1.8745 0.11688 -0.1119 0.22878
a3 = 11 b3 = 0.14054 c3= -2.4395
a4 = -6 b4 =0.25769 c4 = -6.3021
a1 = 1 b1 = 1 c1 = 1
a2 = -6 b2 = -3.0057 c2 = -0.0115
6 2.99427 -1.9864 0.00576 -0.0136 0.01936
a3 = 11 b3 = 0.01366 c3= -2.007
a4 = -6 b4 =0.0114 c4 = -5.9754

Quadratic factor : x2 – rx – s = x2 – 3x +2
So
(x3 – 6 x2 + 11x – 6) = (x2 – 3x +2) (x -3) = 0
(x - 1) (x-2)(x-3) = 0
x =1
x =2
x=3
 How to solve the Bairstow Method

a. Determine the roots of the polynomial equation by determining the quadratic factor

level is (x2 - rx- s) usually the r or s value chosen is 1, 0 or -1.

b. Determine the coefficients b1, b3, b4, ..., bn-1 with the following conditions:
c. Next, determine the value of the coefficient c1, c2, c3, ..., cn + 1 with the
following conditions:
d. Use the cramer rule to find the value of ∆r and ∆s.

e. Next, determine the value of the new r and s

r* = r + ∆r
s* = s + ∆s

f. Next, do the iteration process by repeating the steps above until the values ​of ∆r
and ∆s Zero or close to Zero are obtained, or the values ​that do not change between
the n and n + 1 tests are obtained.
Iteration ∆r ∆s r s

1
2
....
n
 g. Next, determine the roots of the
g. Next, determine the roots of the
polynomial equation with the help
polynomial equation with the help
of the abc formula.
of the abc formula.