Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate
• Universal energy carrier of the
cell
– Active transport
– Reproduction
– Movement
Three phosphates – Muscle contractions
– Protein synthesis
• Hydrolysis of ATP:
Hydro = water
Lysis = break down
ATP + H2O  ADP + P + Energy
 Adenosine Triphosphate
• Universal energy carrier of the
cell
H H – Active transport
O – Reproduction
P energy
P P – Movement
– Muscle contractions
– Protein synthesis
• Hydrolysis of ATP:
ATP + H2O  ADP + P + Energy
• Energy (heat) drives cellular
processes
 Cellular Respiration
• Cells need ATP
• Most ATP produced by the
mitochondria
• ATP typically created through
Cellular Respiration
• Glucose (from food) is broken
down to make ATP
• 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration:
1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle)
3) Electron transport chain
 Glycolysis C
Glucose C
C6 H12 O6 C C C
• Location: Cytoplasm C C C
Nucleus

• What happens? Glucose is broken C CC

down by ATP, NAD+, and various A P P C
P
enzymes
• Steps:
1) Two ATP & enzymes begin to
break down glucose
A P P P

A P P P

Mitochondria
 Glycolysis A P P
PC
CC
CC
• Location: Cytoplasm CC C Nucleus

• What happens? Glucose is broken C C

down by ATP, NAD+, and various C C
P P
enzymes
Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
• Steps: C3 H7 O6 P
1) Two ATP & enzymes begin to
break down glucose

A P P P

Mitochondria
 Glycolysis P
C
C
• Location: Cytoplasm C C
Nucleus

• What happens? Glucose is broken C

down by ATP, NAD+, and various C
P
enzymes
Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
• Steps: C3 H7 O6 P
1) Two ATP & enzymes begin to P
break down glucose P
2) Enzymes add P

Mitochondria
 Glycolysis P
C
NADC+ H P
• Location: Cytoplasm C C
Nucleus

• What happens? Glucose is broken P NADC +H

down by ATP, NAD+, and various C
P
enzymes
• Steps:
1) Two ATP & enzymes begin to NAD+
Nicotinamide
break down glucose adenine NAD+
dinucleotide
2) Enzymes add P
3) NADH created and enters the
mitochondria

Mitochondria
 Glycolysis A P P P
Pyruvate C
C3H4O3 C P P
A P
• Location: Cytoplasm C C
Nucleus

• What happens? Glucose is broken A P P P P C Pyruvate

C3H4O3
down by ATP, NAD+, and various C
A P P P
enzymes
• Steps:
A P P
1) Two ATP & enzymes begin to
break down glucose A P P

2) Enzymes add P A P P 4 ATP

3) NADH created and enters the A P P (net gain 2 ATP)

mitochondria NAD+ H
4) Four ATP created NAD+ H
Mitochondria
5) Two Pyruvate (3C) left over
 Now What?
Pyruvate
• Two pathways
• Pyruvates broken down
further
1) Aerobic pathway:
• Krebs Cycle Fermentation Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport
Chain
2) Anaerobic pathway:
• Fermentation Electron
transport
chain
Krebs Cycle (Citric
C
Acid Cycle) Pyruvate
C3H4O3 C
Nucleus
C C
C Pyruvate
C3H4O3
C

A P P P

A P P P

A P P P

A P P P
4 ATP
(net gain 2 ATP)

NAD+ H
Mitochondria
NAD+ H

matrix
 • Location: Mitochondrial matrix
Krebs Cycle (Citric 1) Pyruvate broken into acetic acid
Acid Cycle) – NAD+ removes H to create NADH
– CO2 waste generated
2) Coenzyme-A bonds to acetic acid
– creating Acetyl-CoA

CoA
O
C C
NAD+ HC O C
C C
NAD+ Acetic
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA acid Pyruvate
C23HC
C H O
H734O
3823N O173 P3S C3H4O3
matrix
 3) Citric acid is formed when Acetyl-CoA bonds with a
Krebs Cycle (Citric 4C molecule from the previous Krebs cycle
Acid Cycle)
O
C
O

C
C
C
C
C
C
C CoA C
C
C
C C
NAD+ H
C C
Citric acid
Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate
C23HC386N
H78O
O17
7 P3S C3H4O3
matrix
 3) Citric acid is formed when Acetyl-CoA bonds with a
Krebs Cycle (Citric 4C molecule from the previous Krebs cycle
Acid Cycle) 4) Citric acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule
O – NAD+ removes H to make NADH
C
O – CO2 waste released

O
C
CO
C
+
NAD H
C C
C C
NAD+ H
C C
Citric acid Pyruvate
NAD+ C6H8O7 C3H4O3
matrix
 5) 5C broken into 4C molecule
Krebs Cycle (Citric – NAD+ removes H to make NADH
Acid Cycle) – ADP + P bond to make ATP
O O – CO2 waste released
C C
O O

O
C
CO
NAD+ H +H C
NAD
A PCP P
C C
NAD+ H
C C
Pyruvate
C3H4O3
NAD+ P A P P
matrix
 6) Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule
Krebs Cycle (Citric – NADH and FADH2 created
Acid Cycle)
O O
C A P P P
C
O O
O
C
O

NAD+ H
C
NAD+ H C
C
FAD + H
NAD C H C
NAD+ H
C C
Pyruvate
C3H4O3
NAD+ FAD matrix
 6) Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule
Krebs Cycle (Citric – NADH and FADH2 created
Acid Cycle) – Acetyl-CoA bonds to 4C molecule to
O O recreate citric acid
C A P P P
O
C
O
– Process repeats
O
C
O

Overview:
8 NADH
NAD+ H 2 FADH2
NAD+ H
C 6 CO2
C C
2 ATP C
NAD+ H C
C
C CitricCacid
C
C6H8O7
NAD+ H C C Pyruvate
C C3H4O3
FAD H H Acetyl-CoA CoA
C23H38NCoA matrix
7O17P3S
Electron Transport
Chain

NAD+ H

NAD+ H

NAD+ H

NAD+ H

FAD H H
matrix
 1) NADH and FADH2 deliver H+ ions and
Electron Transport electrons (e-)
Chain

- --e -
e e
FAD NAD
+
HHee + H+
+ - +H
+ HH
NAD H

matrix
 1) NADH and FADH2 deliver H+ ions and
Electron Transport electrons (e-)
Chain 2) Electrons activate protein channels to
pump H+ ions out of the matrix

e- - H+
e-e H+
H+
e- -
e
e- H+

matrix
 3) H+ ions activate ATP Synthase
Electron Transport – H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase
Chain H+
– ADP + P bond to create ATP
H+
H+
H+ – Up to 34 ATPs created
ATP Synthase

- A PPP P
e A AP P P P
e - e - e-
e- e-

matrix
 4) Water waste created when O,
Electron Transport H+, e- bond together
Chain
H+
H+
ATP Synthase

e -
e - e - e-
e- e-
O H HH+
H+
O

A P P P

A P P P

matrix
 1) How much ATP is created during:

Practice Quiz – Glycolysis?

– Krebs Cycle?
– Electron transport chain?
2) Where do the three stages of cellular
respiration occur?
3) Place the following stages of cellular
respiration in order from start to finish:
a) ATP produced through ATP Synthase
b) ATP and Pyruvate is created
c) H+ ions pumped out of the matrix
d) Acetic acid bonds with Coenzyme A
e) Citric acid created

BiologY
everl f) Glucose is broken into PGAL
g) ATP, NADH, and FADH2 created