COMPUTER PPT

Made by –TANISHK
MITTAL
CLASS- IX A
ROLL NO- 34
SUBMISSION TO- RITA
MAM
 WHAT IS OSS?
Open-source software (OSS) is
computer software with its source code made
available with a license in which the copyright
holder provides the rights to study, change, and
distribute the software to anyone and for any
purpose.
 HISTORY OF OSS
• 1950's
• In the 1950's, almost all software was produced by computer science
academics and corporate researchers working in collaboration. As such, it was
generally distributed under the principles of openness and co-operation long
established in the fields of academia, Software was not seen as a commodity in
and of itself.
• Starting in the early 1950's, organizations such as SHARE and DECUS developed
much of the software that computer hardware companies bundled with their
hardware offerings. At that time computer companies were in the hardware
business. Anything that reduced software costs and made more programs
available enable hardware companies to be more competitive.
 1960 – 1970s
• During the 1960's, many key aspects of software development and innovation
associated with the emerging Internet were done in academic institutions like MIT or
Berkeley and in corporate research facilities like Bell Labs and Cerox Research Center.
• ARPANET founded in 1968. It was the precursor to the Internet, allowing researchers to
share code and information.
• Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in
1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs. It was offered for free on college
campuses and to research centers. The Open Group, an industry standards
consortium, owns the UNIX trademark.
• In 1969, the U.S. Department of Justice charged IBM with destructive businesses
practices by bundling free software with IBM hardware. As a result of this suit, IBM
unbundled its software, which then became independent products offered separately
from hardware
 1970s – 1980s
• 1970's
• During the late 1970's, the influence of Unix in academic circles ultimately led to
large-scale adoption of Unix by commercial startups, the most notable of which
are Solaris, HP-UX and AIX.
• Amongst all variants of Unix, Mac OS X is the most widely used as the
underpinnings of Apple's desktop and mobile phone operating systems. Linux,
another widely used variant of Unix, is used to power data centers, mobile
phones, and embedded devices such as routers. Other notable variants of Unix
include Android and Berkeley Software Design (BSD) Unix descendants, e.g.
FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD.
 OPEN AND CLOSED SOURCE SOFTWARE
– What is Closed Source Software?
• Source code is the code written by computer programmers to be “translated”
by compilers to “instruct” a computer to carry out certain functions and
actions. It’s the part of the software that a surface-level user never sees. By
altering a program’s source code, programmers can improve, fix, modify, or
add on to it as they please.
• With closed source software, the source code is closely guarded, often because
it’s considered a trade secret that creates scarcity and keeps the organization
competitive. Such programs come with restrictions against modifying the
software or using it in ways untended by the original creators, and in fact, one
could say you’re not actually purchasing the software but are just paying to use
it.
 CLOSED SOURCE SOFTWARE
• Under the closed-source model source code is not released to the public.
Closed-source software is maintained by a team who produces their product in
a compiled executable state, which is what the market is allowed access
to. Microsoft, the owner and developer of Windows and Microsoft Office, along
with other major software companies, have long been proponents of this
business model, although in August 2010, Microsoft interoperability general
manager Jean Paoli said Microsoft "loves open source" and its anti-open-
source position was a mistake
 LINUX

Linux is aUnix-like and mostly POSIX- compliant computer operating system (OS) assembled
under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining
component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on 5
October 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The Free Software Foundation uses the nameGNU/Linux to
describe the operating system.
 HISTORY OF LINUX
THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM WAS CONCEIVED AND IMPLEMENTED IN
1969 AT AT&T'S BELL LABORATORIES IN THE UNITED STATES BY KEN
THOMPSON, DENNIS RITCHIE, DOUGLAS MCILROY, AND JOE
OSSANNA.[29] FIRST RELEASED IN 1971, UNIX WAS WRITTEN ENTIRELY
IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AS IT WAS COMMON PRACTICE AT THE TIME.
LATER, IN A KEY PIONEERING APPROACH IN 1973, IT WAS REWRITTEN IN
THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BY DENNIS RITCHIE (WITH EXCEPTIONS
TO THE KERNEL AND I/O). THE AVAILABILITY OF A HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIX MADE ITS PORTING TO DIFFERENT
COMPUTER PLATFORMS EASIER.
 LINUX HISTORY

The GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a "complete Unix-
compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984.[31] Later, in
1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public
License (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating
system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system) were
completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were
stalled and incomplete.
FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF LINUX

Host a Web Site or Webapp

Make a Chromebook More Useful
 Work with Hard Drives and Partitions
 Run a Home Server for Backup, Streaming, Torrenting,and
more
 Learn More About How Computers Work
 Revive an Old or Slow PC
Brush Up on Your Hacking and Security
 Automate Everything In Your Home
Troubleshoot Other Computers
 GOOGLE
 TWITTER
 FACEBOOK
 NASA
 AMAZON
 Mc DONALDS
 IBM
 SUBMARINES
 WATCHES
 NUCLEAR PROJECTS
 BULLET TRAINS
 TIANHE-2
 TRAFFIC CONTROLLING
 MISSILES AND WEAPON
 FUTURE OF ROBOTICS
 CARS
 NETWORKING
APACHE WEB SERVER The Apache HTTP Server,
colloquially called Apache, is the world's most used web server software. Originally
based on the NCSA HTTPd server, development of Apache began in early 1995 after
work on the NCSA code stalled. Apache played a key role in the initial growth of
the World Wide Web, quickly overtaking NCSA HTTPd as the
dominant HTTP server, and has remained most popular since April 1996. In 2009, it
became the first` web server software to serve more than 100 million websites.[6]
Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the
auspices of the
Software Foundation. Most commonly used on a Unix-like system
(usually Linux),[7] the software is available for a wide variety of operating
systems besidesUnix, including eComStation, Microsoft
Windows, NetWare, OpenVMS, OS/2, and TPF. Released under the Apache
License, Apache is free and open-source software.
 FLOSS

FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE (FOSS),

ALSO KNOWN AS FREE/LIBRE OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE (FLOSS) AND FREE/OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE (F/OSS), IS SOFTWARE DEVELOPED
BY INFORMAL COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS OF
PROGRAMMERS. THE SOURCE CODE IS LICENSED
FREE OF CHARGE, ENCOURAGING
MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.
THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE
SOFTWARE MOVEMENT
The free software movement was started in 1983 by computer
scientist Richard M. Stallman, when he launched a project called
GNU, which stands for “GNU is Not UNIX”, to provide a
replacement for the UNIX operating system—a replacement that
would respect the freedoms of those using it. Then in 1985, Stallman
started the Free Software Foundation, a nonprofit with the mission
of advocating and educating on behalf of computer users around the
world.
There are now many variants or 'distributions' of this GNU
operating system using the kernel Linux. We recommend those
GNU/Linux distributions that are 100% free software; in other
words, entirely freedom-respecting.
Today, free software is available for just about any task you can
imagine. From complete operating systems like GNU, to over 5,000
individual programs and tools listed in the FSF/UNESCO free
software directory. Millions of people around the world—including
entire governments—are now using free software on their
computers.
The FSF also provides other important resources to the community.
In 1983, Richard Stallman (.) launched the GNU
Project (.) to write a complete operating system
free from constraints on use of its source code.
Particular incidents that motivated this include a
case where an annoying printer couldn't be fixed
because the source code was withheld from
users. Stallman also published the GNU
Manifesto (.), in 1985, to outline the GNU
project (.)'s purpose and explain the importance of
free software. Another probable inspiration for the
GNU project and itsmanifesto (.) was a
disagreement between Stallman and Symbolics,
Inc. (.) over MIT's access to updates Symbolics had
made to its Lisp machine, which was based on MIT
code. Soon after the launch, he coined the term
"free software (.)" and founded the Free Software
Foundation (.) to promote the concept and a free
software definition (.) was published in February
1986. In 1989, the first version of the GNU
General Public License (.) was published.A slightly
updated version 2 was published in 1991.
 OPEN SOURCE LICENSE
 An open-source license is a type of license for computer software and other
products that allows the source code, blueprint or design to be used,
modified and/or shared under defined terms and conditions.[1] This allows
end users to review and modify the source code, blueprint or design for their
own customization, curiosity or troubleshooting needs. Open-source
licensed software is mostly available freeof charge, though this does not
necessarily have to be the case. Licenses which only permit non-
commercial redistribution or modification of the source code for personal
use only are generally not considered as open-source licenses. However,
open-source licenses may have some restrictions, particularly regarding the
expression of respect to the origin of software, such as a requirement to
preserve the name of the authors and a copyright statement within the
code, or a requirement to redistribute the licensed software only under the
same license (as in a copyleft license). One popular set of open-source
software licenses are those approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI)
based on their Open Source Definition
SOME POPULAR LICENSES
 GIMP

 GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-

source raster graphics editor used for imageretouching and editing,
free-form drawing, resizing, cropping, photo-montages, converting
between different image formats, and more specialized tasks.
 GIMP is released under GPLv3+ licenses and is available
for Linux,Linux, OS X, and Windows. Mascot[edit]
 Wilber is the official GIMP mascot. Wilber has relevance outside of
GIMP as a racer in SuperTuxKart and was displayed on
the Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France) as
part of Project Blinkenlights.[41][42][43]
 Wilber was created at some time before 25 September 1997 by
Tuomas Kuosmanen (tigert) and has since received additional
accessories and a construction kit to ease the process
 GIMP HISTORY
• GIMP was originally released as the General Image Manipulation
Program. In 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattisbegan
developing GIMP as a semester-long project at the University of
California, Berkeley. In 1996 GIMP (0.54) was released as the first
publicly available release. In the following year Richard
Stallman visited UC Berkeley where Spencer Kimball and Peter
Mattis asked if they could change General to GNU (the name given
to the operating system created by Stallman). Richard Stallman
approved and the definition of the acronym GIMP was changed to
be the GNU Image Manipulation Program. This reflected its new
existence as being developed as Free Software as a part of the GNU
Project.
• The number of computer architectures and operating systems
supported has expanded significantly since its first release. The first
release supported UNIX systems, such as Linux, SGI IRIX and HP-
UX.
 MOZILLA FIREFOX
 Mozilla Firefox (or simply Firefox) is a free and open-source[ web browser
developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation.
Firefox is available for Windows, OS X and Linux operating systems, with its mobile
versions available for Android, and Firefox OS; where all of these versions use the
Gecko layout engine to render web pages, which implements current and
anticipated web standards, but an additional version released in late 2015 –
Firefox for iOShas also been made available – that doesn't use Gecko.
 Firefox was created in 2002, under the name "Phoenix" by the Mozilla
communitymembers who wanted a standalone browser rather than the Mozilla
Application Suitebundle. Even during its beta phase, Firefox proved to be popular
by its testers and was praised for its speed, security and add-ons compared to
Microsoft's then-dominant Internet Explorer 6. Firefox was released in November
2004, and was highly successful with 60 million downloads within nine months, which
was the first time that Internet Explorer's dominance was challenged. Firefox is
considered thespiritual successor of Netscape Navigator, as the Mozilla community
was created by Netscape in 1998 before their acquisition by AOL