RECTIFIERS

Presented By: Muhammad Kashif

17EL18

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 TODAY’S AGENDA
 Introduction
 Performance Parameters
 Rectifier Circuits
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier
Single Phase Full wave Rectifier
 Comparison of single phase rectifiers
Three Phase Rectifiers
 Applications

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 INTRODUCTION

 RECTIFIER is an electronic device that converts alternating current

(AC) to direct current (DC).
 This process is called rectification.
 Input can be single phase or multi-phase(e.g 3-phase).
 Output can be made fixed or variable.
 Diodes are used extensively in rectifiers.

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PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
 Although the output voltage of rectifier is dc, it is not a pure dc
form but pulsating dc. It is discontinuous and contains harmonics.
Therefore, in order to study the performance of rectifiers,
following parameters should be evaluated and well understood.
 The average value of the output(load) voltage, Vdc
 The average value of the output(load) current, Idc
 The output dc power, Pdc=Vdc*Idc
 The rms value of the output voltage, Vrms
 The rms value of the output current, Irms
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 The output ac power, Pac=Vrms*Irms
 Efficiency, n=Pdc/Pac
 The rms value of the ac component of output voltage is
Vac=√v2rms – v2dc
 The form Factor, which is measure of the shape of the output
voltage, is FF=Vrms/Vdc
 The ripple factor, which is measure of the ripple content, is
RF=Vac/Vdc
The transformer utilization factor is,
TUF=Pdc/VsIs
Where Vs and Is are the rms voltage and rms current of the
transformer secondary respectively.

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 If is the angle between the fundamental components of the
current and voltage, is called the displacement angle. The
displacement factor is defined as
DF=cos
 The harmonic component of current is defined as
HF=(I2s-I21/I21)1/2
Where I1 is called the fundamental rms component of the input
current. The input power factor is defined as
PF=VSI1/VSIS cos =I1/Is cos

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RECTIFIER CIRCUITS:

 Single Phase Rectifiers

Half wave rectifier
Full wave rectifier
 Three Phase Rectifier
Three phase, half wave rectifier
Three phase, full wave rectifier

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HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:ER:
Following figure illustrates the rectifying action of a crystal diode.
The ac input voltage to be rectified, the diode and the load IR are
connected in series. The dc output is obtained across the load as
explained in the following discussion.

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 During positive half cycle, the arrowhead becomes positive with
respect to bar. Therefore the diode is forward biased and
conducts current in the circuit.
 However during the negative half cycle, the arrowhead
becomes negative with respect to bar. Therefore the diode is
reverse biased and does not conduct current and no voltage
appears across the load IR as shown in above figure.
 The result is that the output contains only positive half cycle of
input ac voltage while negative half cycles are suppressed. The
output obtained is pulsating DC.
 The behavior of a diode is like a switch. When it is forward biased,
it behaves like a closed. However, when diode is reverse biased,
it behaves like an open switch.
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 DISADVANTAGES:
 The output contains alternating components whose frequency is
equal to supply frequency. Therefore, filtering is required to
obtain the steady direct current.
 The ac supply delivers power only half the time. Therefore the
output is low.

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 Output frequency of half wave rectifier
The output frequency of a half wave rectifier is equal to the input
frequency(50Hz)

fout=fin
 Efficiency of half wave rectifier

𝑑𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
ή = 𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐼
 The dc output power, Pdc=I2dc*RL= ( π𝑚)2*RL
 The ac input power, Pac=I2rms(rf+RL)
𝐼𝑚
Pac= 2*(r +R )
f L
2

𝑑𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ( π𝑚) ∗RL

𝐼 2
0.406𝑅𝐿
 Efficiency ή = = 𝐼𝑚 2 =
𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
2
∗(r +RL) f
rf+RL
 The efficiency will be maximum if rf is negligible as compared to RL.
Max: efficiency =40.6% 11
 Ripple factor
𝐼2𝑟𝑚𝑠−𝐼2𝑑𝑐
RF=
𝐼𝑑𝑐
Irms=Im/2 and Idc=Im/π substitute these values in above
equation we will get
RF=1.21
 Form Factor
FF=Vrms/Vdc
Vrms=0.5Vm and Vdc=0.318Vm substitute these values in above
equation we will get
FF=0.5Vm/0.318Vm=1.57
The peak inverse voltage, PIV=Vm

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FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
 In full wave rectification, current flows through the same direction
for both half cycles of input ac voltage. This can be achieved by
using two diodes. The following two circuits are commonly used
for full wave rectification:

1) Center tap full wave rectifier

2) Full wave bridge rectifier

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 CENTER-TAP FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:
The circuit employs two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in following
figure. A center tap secondary winding AB is used with two diodes
connected so that each uses one half cycle of input ac voltage.

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 During the positive half cycle of input ac, the end A of the
secondary winding becomes positive and end B negative. This
makes diode D1 farword biased and diode D2 reverse biased.
Therefore, diode D1 conducts and diode D2 does not. The
conventional current flows through D1, load resistor and upper
half of secondary winding.
 During the negative half cycle of input ac, the end A of the
secondary winding becomes negative and end B positive.
Therefore, diode D2 conducts and diode D1 does not. The
conventional current flows through D2, load resistor and lower
half of secondary winding.
 It may be seen that the current in load RL is in the same direction
for both half cycles of input ac voltage. Therefore the dc is
obtained across the load RL.
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DISADVANTAGES:
 It
is difficult to locate the center tap on the secondary
winding.

 The dc output is small as each diode utilises only one

half of the transformer secondary voltage.

 The diode used must have high peak inverse voltage

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FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
This circuit contains fout diodes D1,D2,D3 and D4 connected
to form a bridge as shown in following figure. The ac supply to be
rectified is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge
through the transformer. Between the other two ends of the bridge,
the load resistance RL is connected.

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 During positive half cycle of the secondary voltage, the end P of
secondary winding becomes positive and end Q negative. This
makes the diodes D1 and D3 forward biased while diodes D2 and
D4 are reverse biased. Therefore, only diodes D1 and D3
conduct. These two diodes will be in series through the load RL. It
may be seen that current flows from A to B through the load RL.

 During negative half cycle of the secondary voltage, the end P

of secondary winding becomes negative and end Q positive.
This makes the diodes D2 and D4 forward biased while diodes D1
and D3 are reverse biased. Therefore, only diodes D2 and D4
conduct. These two diodes will be in series through the load RL. It
may be seen that again current flows from A to B through the
load RL. Therefore the dc output is obtained across the load RL
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Advantages:
i) The need for center tapped transformer is eliminated.
ii) The output is twice that of the center tap circuit for the same
secondary voltage

Disadvantages:
i) It requires four diodes

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 Output frequency of full wave rectifier
The output frequency of a full wave rectifier is double the input frequency(50Hz)
fout=2fin
 Efficiency of half wave rectifier

𝑑𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
ή=
𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
2𝐼𝑚 2
 The dc output power, Pdc=I2dc*RL= ( ) *RL
π
 The ac input power, Pac=I2rms(rf+RL)
𝐼𝑚
Pac= 2*(r +R )
f L
√2

𝑑𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ( π𝑚) ∗RL

2𝐼 2
0.812𝑅𝐿
 Efficiency ή = = =
𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑚 2∗(r +RL)
f
rf+RL
√2
 The efficiency will be maximum if rf is negligible as compared to RL.
Max: efficiency =81.2%
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 Ripple factor
𝐼2𝑟𝑚𝑠−𝐼2𝑑𝑐
RF=
𝐼𝑑𝑐

Irms=Im/√2 and Idc=2Im/π substitute these values in above equation

we will get
RF=0.48
 Form Factor
FF=Vrms/Vdc
Vrms=0.707Vm and Vdc=0.6366Vm substitute these values in above equation
we will get
FF=0.707Vm/0.6366Vm=1.11

The peak inverse voltage, PIV=2Vm

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COMPARISON OF 1-Φ RECTIFIERS:
S# Particulars Half wave Center tap Bridge Type

1 No: of diodes 1 2 4
2 Transformer necessary No Yes No
3 Max: Efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%
4 Ripple Factor 1.21 0.48 0.48
5 Output Frequency Fin 2fin 2fin
6 Peak inverse voltage Vm 2Vm Vm

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THREE PHASE RECTIFIERS:
 A thee phases rectifier is device where three phase transformer and
three diodes are used to rectify the inout AC voltage.
 Why three phase rectifiers?
 The drawback of single phase rectifier arrangement is high ripple
factor. In case of half wave rectifier, the ripple factor is 1.21 and in
case of full wave rectifier the ripple factor is 0.482. In both cases
value of ripple factor cannot be neglected. These ripples are the AC
components in the DC voltage, called pulsating DC. If this pulsating
DC is used in several applications it lead to poor performance of the
devics. Thus, the smoothing circuit is used that is filter circuit. Therfore,
if in place of single phase transformer we use three phase
transformer the ripple factor can be reduced up to a large extent.
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THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

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 Ripple factor for 3 phase half wave rectifier:
𝐼2𝑟𝑚𝑠−𝐼2𝑑𝑐
RF=
𝐼𝑑𝑐
Irms=0.838Vmax/RLand Idc=0.827Vmax/RL substitute
these values in above equation we will get
RF=0.17

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THREE PHASE FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:
In three phase full wave rectifier six diodes are used. In this each
diode conducts for 1/6th part of the AC cycle.

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APPLICATIONS:

 Dc power supplies for computers and electronic components

 HVDC transmission lines
 Used in substation to provide DC power to switchgears
 DC motor drive
 DC power supply
 DC welder
 Used in mobile chargers etc

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