Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AC to DC CONVERSION
(RECTIFIER)
• Single-phase, half wave rectifier
– Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load, R-C load
– Controlled
– Free wheeling diode
• Single-phase, full wave rectifier
– Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load,
– Controlled
– Continuous and discontinuous current mode
• Three-phase rectifier
– uncontrolled
– controlled
AC input DC output
+
+
vs
vo
_
_
vs
2 t
vo
io
+
vR +
+ _
vs vo
_ +
vL _
_
KVL : vs v R v L
di(t )
Vm sin(t ) i (t ) R L
d t
First order differenti al eqn. Solution :
i (t ) i f (t ) in (t )
i f : forced response; in natural response,
From diagram, forced response is :
V
i f (t ) m sin(t )
Z
where :
Z R 2 (L) 2
L
tan 1
R
V
i (t ) m sin(t ) sin( )e t
Z
Power Electronics and 5
Drives (Version 3-2003),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
R-L waveform
vs,
io
b
vo
vR
vL
0 2 t
3 4
Note :
v L is negative because the current is decreasing , i.e :
di
vL L
dt
Power Electronics and 6
Drives (Version 3-2003),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
Extinction angle
Note that the diode remains in forward biased
longer tha n radians (although the source is
negative during that duration)T he point when
current reaches zero is whendiode turns OFF.
This point is known as theextinc tion angle, b .
Vm
i(b )
Z
sin( b ) sin( )e
b
0
which reduces to :
sin( b ) sin( )e b 0
b can only be solved numericall y.
Therefore, the diode conducts between 0 and b
POWER CALCULATIO N
Power absorbed by the load is :
Po I RMS 2 R
Power Factor is computed from definition :
P
pf
S
where P is the real power supplied by the source,
which equal to the power absorbed by the load.
S is the apparent power supplied by the
source, i.e
S Vs, RMS . I RMS
P
pf
Vs,RMS .I RMS
Power Electronics and 8
Drives (Version 3-2003),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
Half wave rectifier, R-C Load
+ iD +
vs vo
_ _
Vm vs
/2 2 3 /2 3 4
Vmax vo
Vmin DVo
iD
a
/2 2 3 /2 3 4
Vmax vo
Vmin DVo
iD
a
Vm 120 2 169 .7V ;
93o 1.62 rad ;
a 48 o 0.843rad
Vm sin 169 .7 sin(1.62 rad ) 169 .5V ;
(b)Ripple :
Using : DVo Vmax Vmin
DVo Vm Vm sin( 2 a ) Vm Vm sin a 43V
Using Approximat ion :
2 Vm 169 .7
DVo Vm 56.7V
RC fRC 60 500 100u
+ t
+
vs vo
_ _ vo
t
v
ig
a t
Average voltage :
1 Vm
Vo Vm sin t d t 1 cos a
2 a 2
RMS voltage
2
1
Vo, RMS Vm sin t dt
2 a
+
vR
+ +
_
vs vo
_ +
vL _
_
vs
2 t
vo
io
b
a
t
V
i (t ) i f (t ) in (t ) m sin t Ae
Z
Initial condition : i a 0,
a
V
i a 0 m sin a Ae
Z
a
V
A m sin a e
Z
Power Electronics and 19
Drives (Version 3-2003),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
Controlled R-L load
Substituti ng for A and simplifyin g,
(a t )
m sin t sin a e for a t b
V
i t Z
0 otherwise
Extinction angle b must be solved numericall y
(a b )
V
i b 0 m sin b sin b e
Z
Angle b is called the conduction angel .
Average voltage :
b
1 Vm
cos a cos b
2 a
Vo Vm sin t d t
2
Average current :
b
1
Io it d
2 a
RMS current :
b
1 2
i t d
2 a
I RMS
+
vR
+ +
_
vs vo
_ +
vL _
_
io io
vo= 0
+ vo= vs +
+
vs vo
vo io
_
_
_
output vo
io
iD1 t
Diode
current
iD2
0 2 3 4
iD1
D1 • Center-tapped
io
D
is 3
(CT) rectifier
+
vs
+ requires
vo
_ _
center-tap
transformer.
D
Full Bridge
Full Bridge 4 D
2 (FB) does not.
is iD1
D1
• CT: 2 diodes
+ + vD1
vs1 • FB: 4 diodes.
+ _ vo + Hence, CT
vs
_ experienced
+ io
vs2 only one diode
_ + vD2 volt-drop per
iD2 D
half-cycle
Center-tapped 2
iD1
io
D1 D3
is
+ +
vs vo
_ _
D4
Full Bridge D2
Vm v
s
2 3 4
Vm
v
o
vD1 vD2
-Vm
vD3 vD4
-
io
Vm
iD1 iD2
iD3 iD4
i
s
Vm vs
2 3 4
Vm
vo
vD1
-2Vm
vD2
-2Vm io
iD1
iD2
is
iD1
is +
+ vR +
vs _
_ + vo
vL _
_
vs
2 t
iD1 , iD2
iD3 ,iD4
io
vo
is
vs
2 t
iD1 , iD2
iD3 ,iD4
io
vo
is
iD1
T1
io
T3
is
+ +
vs vo
_ _
T4 T2
iD1
is +
vR
+ +
vs
_
_ vo
+
_
vL
_
io
a b a 2
vo
Discontinuous mode
+a
io
a b 2
vo
Continuous mode
Vm
i (t ) sin(t ) sin(a )e (t a )
Z
for a t b
Z R 2 (L) 2
1 L L
and tan ;
R R
For discontino us mode, need to ensure :
b (a )
Note that b is the extinction angle and
must be solved numericall y with condition :
io ( b ) 0
sin( a ) sin( a ),
sin( a ) 1 e ( )
0,
Solving for a
L
a tan 1
R
Thus for continuous current mode,
L
a tan 1
R
Average (DC) output vol tage is given as :
1 a 2Vm
Vo
Vm sin t dt cos a
a
D3 vp
+
vs +
_ vo
D4 _
D2 vn
vo =vp vn
• In the top group (D1, D3), the cathodes (-) of the two
diodes are at a common potential. Therefore, the
diode with its anode (+) at the highest potential will
conduct (carry) id.
+ vbn - D5
n vpn
+
+ vcn - vo
D2 _
D4
vp
Vm
vn
vo =vp - vn
0 2 3 4
Power Electronics and 37
Drives (Version 3-2003),
Dr. Zainal Salam, 2003
Three-phase waveforms
• Top group: diode with its anode at the
highest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
/3
Vm, L-L
0
/3 2/3
+ van - io
T3
+ vbn -
T5 vpn
n
+
+ vcn - vo
T2 _
T6 vnn
T4
vo
3Vm, L L
cos a