THERMOREGULATION

BY:
HOERUNINSYAH SETIABUDI (3415136415)
NUR AISYAH RAHMAWATI (3415131021)

BIOLOGY BILINGUAL EDUCATION

2013

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 Thermoregulation
• Thermoregulation: the
maintenance of body
temperature within a range
that enables cells to
• function efficiently.
• Ectotherms: (reptiles etc.)
rely on air temperature to
regulate metabolic rates.
Therefore activity is
dependent on
environment.
•  adaptations: seeking
sun, shade
• Endotherms: (mammals
etc.) maintain constant
body temp (37°C)
regardless of environment.
Respond to changes in
environmental temp. by
using energy to produce
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Relationship between body temperature & Environmental
temperature
40 River otter (endotherm)

30
Body temperature (°C)

20 Largemouth bass (ectotherm)

10

10 20 30 40
0
Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)
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 B. Modes of Heat Exchange
• Organisms exchange heat by four physical
processes: conduction, convection, radiation,
and evaporation
Radiation: radiate heat Evaporation: removal heat
between objects not in contact. from surface of liquid lost
as gas

Convection: transfer
heat by mvt air

Conduction: direct transfer

heat between molecules
in contact
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 B. Balancing Heat Loss and Gain

• In thermoregulation, physiological and

behavioral adjustments balance heat
loss and heat gain
• 5 general adaptations in animals’
thermoregulation:
Insulation
Circulatory adaptations
Cooling by evaporative heat loss
Behavioral responses
Adjusting metabolic heat production

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1. Insulation
• Insulation is a major thermoregulatory
adaptation in mammals and birds
• It reduces heat flow between an animal and its
environment
• Examples are skin, feathers, fur, and blubber
• In mammals, the integumentary system acts as
insulating material

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2. Circulatory Adaptations

• Many endotherms & some ectotherms alter

amount of blood flowing between the body
core & skin

• Vasodilatation = ↑ blood flow in skin = ↑

heat loss

• Vasoconstriction = ↓ blood flow in skin =

↓ heat loss

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3. Cooling by Evaporative Heat Loss
• Many types of animals lose heat through
evaporation
• Bathing moistens the skin, helping to cool
animal

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 4. Behavioral Responses
• Both endotherms and ectotherms use
behavioral responses to control body temp
• Some terrestrial invertebrates have postures
that minimize or maximize absorb solar heat
More extreme
behavioral
adaptations =
hibernation or
migration to
more suitable
climate

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 5. Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production
• Some animals can regulate body temperature
by adjusting their rate of metabolic heat
production
• Many species of flying insects use shivering to
warm up before taking flight

Preflight warmup in
hawkmoth = shiver-like to
help muscles produce
enough power to take off

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C. Feedback Mechanisms in Thermoregulation

• Mammals regulate body temperature by

negative feedback involving several
organ systems

• In humans, the hypothalamus (a part of

the brain) contains nerve cells that
function as a thermostat

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Thermoregulation in endotherms
Endotherms generate most of their heat metabolically.
As they are warmer than their environment they tend to
lose body heat to their surroundings.

Adaptations for heat conservation include:

 Insulation – insulating layers of fat,
fur or feathers to prevent heat loss.
 Metabolism – metabolic rate can be
varied to generate more or less heat.

Endotherms also use their skin to vary

their rate of heat loss and maintain a
constant core body temperature.

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Human thermostat = hypothalamus (control centre)
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Thermoregulation in humans

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Hyperthermia and hypothermia
Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to
hyperthermia. The body’s core temperature rises above 41°C
causing its thermoregulatory mechanisms to break down.

When this happens, positive feedback occurs and the

person’s body temperature can spiral out of control. A core
body temperature of 43°C and higher usually causes death.

If the body’s core temperature falls

below 35°C a person may suffer from
hypothermia. Again the body’s
thermoregulatory mechanisms fail
and positive feedback occurs leading
to a further decrease in temperature.

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Stimulus Physiological Adjustment
Response
Decreased Constriction of Heat is
environmental blood vessels in conserved more
temperature skin-hairs on heat is
body erect generated by
shivering increased
metabolism
Increased Dilation of blood Heat is
environmental vessels of skin- dissipated
temperature sweating

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Responses to heat stress: (nerve messages from sensor
via hypothalamus)
• increase sweat (glands)
• vasodilatation (blood vessels)
Responses to cold stress: (nerve
messages from sensor via hypothalamus)
• smooth muscles contract
• vasoconstriction (blood vessels)
• hair stands on end to trap warm air near skin (follicles)
(goosebump = muscle
contraction in area of hair follicle)
• rhythmic skeletal muscle
contraction = shivering to generate heat
• Mammalian Diving Reflex

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Scheme of reflex arc

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Hormone influence

• Cold exposure

Stabilized temperature by release TSH-RF

(hipotalamus) ->
TSH (pituitary) ->
stimulate tyroxin secretion by thyroid gland->
increase cell metabolim ->
increase temperature to normal

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Hormone influence

• Heat exposure

Decreasing tyroxin secretion>

decrease cell metabolim ->
decrease temperature to normal

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Thermoregulatory control system

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Physiological thermoregulation

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Question

• Nurul Fatihah
Bagaimana termoregulasi saat demam?
• Nurul Fadhillah
Bagaimana termoregulasi saat keringat
dingin?

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Answer
• Termoregulasi Demam

-akibat dari perubahan pusat termoregulasi (di hipotalamus

anterior)

-suhu badan lebih tinggi dari normal, seolah-olah

thermostat disetel ulang ke titik baru diatas 37°C.
-Reseptor suhu akan memberikan isyarat bahwa suhu
tubuh sebenarnya berada dibawah set point dan akan
mengaktifkan mekanisme peningkatan suhu sehingga
terjadi demam.
-beberapa bagian tubuh, pembuluh darah vasodilatasi, dan
bagian tubuh lainnya vasokonstriksi

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Answer
• Termoregulasi Keringat Dingin (diaforesis)

-respon tubuh terhadap stres, fight or flight

-tidak disebabkan oleh suhu ingkungan panas atau aktifitas
fisik
-keringat namun tubuh terasa kedinginan

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