Structure and Function

of plant
The Organs of Plant are:
1. Root
THE
2. Stem MAIN
ORGANS
3. Leaf
4. Flower
5. Fruit
 ROOT
 The structure of plant that located in the
ground
 Root have three main functions:
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil
- construct the body of plant
- Store food
Types of Root
 Fibrous Root System
 Taproot System
 Fibrous Root System
 Consist of many similarly sized roots that form a dense
 Grass, Corn, and Onions have fibrous root system
 Taproot System
 A taproot system has one
long,
thick main root.
 Many smaller roots
branch off the main root
 A plant with a taproot system
is hard to pull out of the
ground
 Mango, Orange, and Apple
The Structure of a Root
 Tip of the root is rounded
and is covered by a
sructure
called the ROOT CAP
 The Root cap protects
the root from injury from
rocks as the root grows
through the soil
 Root hairs grow out
of the root’s surface
Inner Structure of Root
 Surface cells (Epidermis)
 Cortex
 Endodermis
 Stele (Center of the root) Vascular System
Vascular System consist of Xylem and Phloem
Xylem: Transports water and minerals upward to the
plant’s stem and leaves.
Phloem: Transport food manufactured from the leaves to
all of the body of plant.
The root tissues may then use the food for growth or
store it for future use by plant
Penampang Akar dikotil dan
monokotil
 STEM
The stem of a plant has two main functions:
 The stem carries substances between the plant’s root
and leaves
 The stem also provides support for the plant
 Store food
Types of Stem
 Herbaceous
Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often
soft. Sunflower and pepper plant a have
herbaceous stems.
 Woody
woody stems are hard and rigid. Mango and roses
have woody stems. A woody stem contains several
layer of tissue.
The inner structure of stem
 Epidermis : to protect layers inside of it
 Cortex : to support or strengthening plant body
 Central core (stele) : consists of xylem and phloem
- In dicotyledonous stem between xylem and phloem
is found cambium. It is located regularly forming circle
- In woody plant, the fission of cambium outward
forms phloem and inward forms xylem
- In monocotyledonous stem, the bundle of transport
vascular is located spreading
Penampang batang dikotil dan
monokotil
 Annual Rings
 These circles are called annual rings because they
represent a tree’s yearly growth.
 Annual rings are made of cambium
 Xylem cells that form in the spring are large and
have thick walls because they grow rapidly. They
produce a wide and light brown ring.
 Xylem cells that form in the summer grow slowly
and therefore are small and have thin walls. They
produce a thin and dark ring.
 Lingkaran tahun
 Aktifitas kambium sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor air pada
tumbuhan
 Aktifitas kambium ke dalam membentuk xylem baru
keluar membentuk floem baru
 Saat musim hujan pembuluh kayu yang terbentuk lebih
banyak daripada musim kemarau, akibatnya kayu pada
musim hujan lebih luas daripada musim kemarau oleh
karena m. hujan dan kemarau selalu berulang
menyebabkan lingkaran-lingkaran pertumbuhan di batang
yang disebut Lingkaran Tahun
 Lingkaran tahun dapat untuk menghitung umur pohon
Lingkaran tahun pada batang
LEAVES
Daun lengkap
The inner structure of leaf
 Epidermis : covered by cuticle to romped the
vaporization of water
 Palisade : its cells many contains chloroplast, so in this
tissue happens photosynthesis process
 Spongy tissue (coral flower tissue) : its cells are
composed not dense so it is found air cavities, have
chloroplast
 Transport vascular consists of xylem and phloem is
found in leaf vein
 Stomata : commonly found in the bottom epidermis.
It has functions in gaseous exchange
Struktur anatomi daun
The Structure of a Leaf
 The leaf’s top and bottom surface layers protect the
cell inside.
 Between the layers of cells are veins that contain
xylem and phloem.
 The surface layers of the leaf have small openings or
pores called stomata.
 Stomata open and close to control when gases enter
and leave the leaf.
 The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are
located near the leaf’s upper surface (palisade
tissue)
 The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts traps the sun’s
energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTIONS
• 1. Light reaction
- using light (sunlight)
- absorption light by chlorophyll
- change of light energy become to chemical energy
(ATP & NADPH)
- occur fission of water molecule is called photolisis
H2O ----- H2 + O2
- Its happens in grana/granum
2. Dark reaction
- it doesn’t use light
- absorption carbon dioxide is called fixation of carbon
dioxide
- using chemical energy the result of light reaction and
carbon dioxide to make starches (amylum) by reaction
that help with enzyme
- This process is called Calvin cycles
- Its happens in stroma
Photosynthesis Reaction
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

• raw material = CO2 and H2O

• Energy source = sunlight
• Catcher energy = chlorophyll
• Result/product = carbohydrate/glucose and
O2
Factors that influence
photosynthesis
 Age of leaf/chlorophyll
 Water
 Carbon dioxide
 Term/temperature
 Light