BAB

SEMBILAN

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 WANITA DAN KEPEMIMPINAN

 1960S – 1990S  jumlah pemimpin

wanita meningkat
 Wanita sebagai pemimpin atau
pengurus
 Political, historical, religious, and
cultural context  Europe (egalitarian
values), Asia (domestic roles), and latin
america (women as morally and
spiritually stronger)

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Strong reservations towards women
in leadership and managerial
positions
Women leaders  limited by male-
dominated political parties
Women managers  education
opens the way

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 Teori awal  great man theory ketepi
wanita
 Men and women are different = behaviors,
skills, attitudes
 1970s  kajian awal mendapati pemimpin
wanita berbeza dari segi biologi 
emotional
 1980s  kajian mendapati pengurus wanita
adalah social leaders dan pengurus lelaki
adalah task-oriented leaders  kesannya =
lelaki lebih sesuai menjadi pengurus

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1990s  women exhibit more
participative and democratic style of
leadership  result = more women in
management and leadership positions
Kesimpulan = different styles but with
qualities that would benefit
organizations

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 DIVERSITI DALAM KEPEMIMPINAN:
NEGARA DAN BUDAYA
 Teori = US based  tak sesuai
untuk semua budaya dan negara
 Budaya  sosial, sejarah, dan
individu perspektif
 Budaya organisasi = kepercayaan
anggota dalam org tersebut yang
berbeza dari org lain
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Perlu kajian terperinci berkaitan
setiap budaya
Egypt  charismatic leadership =
unquestioning trust, obedience,
and submission
Western  charismatic
leadership = greater empowerment
and autonomy of people
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 KEPEMIMPINAN DARI PERSPEKTIF
ISLAM

IMAN (TAUHID)

• SYURA (CONSULTATION)
• JUSTICE
KNOWLEDGE
AMAL • FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
• PERSONAL INTEGRITY
• INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
• LEADERSHIP EFFICACY

SYNERGY (SUCCESS)

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 CABARAN DALAM ISU
KEPEMIMPINAN
1. Unequal expectations  not having the right stuff
2. Glass ceiling  barrier for women and minority
3. Ethnocentrism = one group is superior to the
other groups
4. Stereotypes and prejudice
5. Paradox of diversity

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 CABARAN AKAN
DATANG
Leaders need to be more attuned to events
occurring in the world and aware of the
implications on their org.
Alliances and partnerships are more important
nowadays
Leaders need to ensure people are communicating
continuously across the org  internet and e-
government

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