King Saud University

Engineering College
Department of Chemical Engineering

403 Che
Drying
Dr. /Malek Al-Aahmed
Name : Rashed Zeed Al-Ghnaam
Introduction
• Drying is the removal of small amounts of
water form the wet materials (solid).
also used to removed of other organic liquids,
such as benzene or organic solvent from solid.

• There are two different processes are used in

drying:
1. Batch processes.
2. Continuous process.
Theory  Ls dx
R 
A dt
W  Ws
Xt 
Ws
X  Xt  X *

Xt = W/ LS•
X*

Theory
where :
• R: drying rate in kg H2O /h.m2
• Ls : weight of dry solid in kg
• A : exposed surface area in m2
• dx : change in water content in kg H2O/kg dry
solid
• dt : change in time in hour
• x: water content in kg H2O/kg dry solid
• Xt : Moisture content at time t (kg water/kg dry
solid).
• W : Weight of water (kg water).
• X* : is equilibrium water contents
• Ws: Weight of dry solid (kg)
Schematic Diagram:
Electrically Heated Insulated Enclosure
for Hot Wax Coating
High Efficiency Hot Air Drying System
Hot Air Annealing Oven for
Polycarbonate Bottles
Results • A=0.05115 m^2
• wg. of dry sand=0.299 kg

)Time (m )L (g )X(Kg water/Kg dry solid dx/dt )2R(Kg water/h*m

3 50 2.351834431 0.06272- 0.026067123

6 46 2.163687676 0.01568- 0.006516781

9 45 2.116650988 0.04704- 0.019550342

12 42 1.975540922 0.07839- 0.032583904

15 37 1.740357479 0.06272- 0.026067123

18 33 1.552210724 0.15679- 0.065167807

21 23 1.081843838 0.015679 0.006516781-

24 24 1.128880527 0.06272- 0.026067123

27 20 0.940733772 0.09407- 0.039100684

30 14 0.658513641 0.04704- 0.019550342

33 11 0.517403575 0.07839- 0.032583904

36 6 0.282220132 0.03136- 0.013033561

39 4 0.188146754 0.06272- 0.026067123

42 0 0 0
 water content vs time

2.5

2
water content (kg water / kg dry solid )

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
time (min)
 Drying Rate vs time

0.07

0.06

0.05
Drying Rate (kg water /h*m^2)

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
time (min)
Discussion
• Free water content Vs time :
The free water content (x) is decreasing with time increasing.

• The (rate Vs Water contents) must be contains two regions :

• Constant rate period.
• Falling rate period.

• In result and computation we can see the weight of dry sand

before drying is more than weight of dry sand after drying,
because the surroundings humidity.

• Drying rate can be effected by :

1. Velocity of hot air used drying.
2. Surroundings humidity and temperature.
3. Exposed surface area.
Recommendations
1. A non-porous granular solid such as a fraction of
sand sieved to approximately 500 microns should be
used for the material to be tested.

2. A stop clock will be required for this experiment.

3. The laboratory must be well ventilated to ensure

that warm moist air discharged from the drier does
not effect the original inlet conditions over the
period of the experiment.
Summary
The objective of this experiment is :
• to investigate the influence of particle size on the drying
behavior of a wet solid in air.
• to produce drying and drying rate curves for a wet solid
being dried with air.
• to investigate the influence of air velocity on the drying
rate of a wet solid in air, all in fixed temperature and
humidity.
• Also to investigate the influence of air temperature on
the drying rate of wet solid in air at a fixed velocity.
References

• Chirstie J.Geankoplis, ( Transport Process and Unit

Operation ), 3rd edition. University of Minnesota.
• Aziz M. Abu-Khalaf, ( Chemical Engineering
Education, CHE 403 ), King Saud University 1998.

• Some of web sites like:

http://www.process-heating.com
http://www.ChemicalProcessing.com
http:// www.process-equipment.globalspec.com
Thank you…