CONCEPTIONS OF

GLOBALIZATION
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to

demonstrate the following:
• Examine the various conceptions of globalization
• Distinguish the different definitions from experts
 Globalization is a phenomenon.
MULTIDIMENSIONALITY
No person is particularly in charge of it.
COLLECTIVISM
our experience of it might not be exactly the same as mine.
RELATIVISM
 Personalization

Based on your experience, how do you

define or describe globalization?
 From the perspectives of Political
Scientists/Analysts

Globalization is a challenge to the nation-state.

- strength of regional blocs

- emergence of global political norms
- multilateral and bilateral relations among nation-states
- emergence of corporations
- international laws
- world governance
From the viewpoints of Economists

Globalizations means…

- global economic organizations

- multinational and transnational corporations
- trade blocs
- free trade
- privatization
- less tariffs
 From the lens of
Sociologists/Anthropologists

Globalization means…

- establishment “global village”

- “shrinking world”
- cultural imperialism
- borderless world
- adoption of other cultures
 Parameters on how to view “globalization.”

Some would say it is a process.

Others say it is state.

Still some others would claim that it is an ideology.

"It is a social process that creates, multiplies, &
intensifies worldwide interdependence.”
Waters, 2001

"It denotes processes nestling under

one rather unwieldy epithet.”
Freeden, 2003
 It is signifies social condition characterized by thick
economic, political and cultural interconnections and
global flows that make existing political borders and
economic barriers IRRELEVANT.

Steger,
2014
Globalization is an ideology.
Ideally, however….
1. It is about liberalization and global integration of markets.
2. It’s inevitable.
3. Nobody is in charge of it.
4. It benefits everyone (in the long run).
5. It furthers the spread of democracy.
MARKET INTEGRATION
 2.2 MARKET INTEGRATION

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to

demonstrate the following:
• Explain the role of international financial insitutions in
the creation of a global economy
• Narrate a short history of global market intergration
in the 20th century
• Identify the attributes of global corporations
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS

PRIVAT CITIGROUP
E MERYL LYNCH

WB
IMF IGO
ADB
 THE EMERGENCE
OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

Colonialism American,
Trade and and Japanese, &
Exchanges European
Imperialism Corporations
 Global
Contemporary
Int’l Global
Corporations
(TNCs and
MNCs)
International Global
Companies Companies

Invested in and present

Importers in many companies

Market
Exporters Products & Services to
each individual local
market

No investment
outside home
country
 MNCs TNCs

They have investment in They are more complex

other countries, but do organizations which have
not have coordinated invested in foreign
product offerings in each operations, have a
country. They are more central corporate facility
focused on adapting but give decision making,
their products and research and
services to each development, and
individual local market. marketing powers to each
individual foreign market.
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
 2.4 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate the
following:
• Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations
• Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21st century
• Explain the relevance of the state amid globalization
 UN ORGANS
General Assembly - main deliberative body, policymaking and
representative organ of 193 member states

Security Council - responsibility for the maintenance of peace and

security

Economic and Social Council - principal body for coordination, policy

review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on economic, social
and environmental issues;
 UN ORGANS
International Court of Justice - UN’s principal judicial organ

Secretariat - carries out the daily activities as mandated by the five

other organs

Trusteeship Council - provides international supervision for 11 Trust

Territories and ensure that adequate steps are taken for self-
government and independence. It suspended its operation in 1994
after the independence Palau, the last Trust Territory
 ROLE OF UN

• Human rights
Confronts the • International Law
ACTOR 21st Century
challenges

A space for
members to Israel: Capital of Jerusalem
VENUE manifest their
opinions and
perspectives
 FUNCTIONS OF UN
1. To maintain international peace and security
2. To protect human rights
3. To deliver humanitarian aid.
4. To promote sustainable development
5. To uphold international law.
Is the state still relevant amid globalization of
governance?
No intergovernmental organization if there are no states.
International and multinational agreements are designed by the state
and propelled by the initiatives that they undertake.

Sovereignty has not been diminished for the state is the source of
cooperation and concerted action among the states & represents the
greater exercise of their sovereignty.

Bertucci & Alberti (2014)

GLOBAL MEDIA AND CULTURE
 4.1 GLOBAL MEDIA AND CULTURE
Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, thelearners are expected to demonstrate the

following:
• Analyze how various media drive various forms of global integration
• Explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production
CATEGORIES OF MEDIA AND
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

1. Oral Communication
2. Script
3. Printing Press
4. Electronic
5. Digital
 ORAL

Language allowed humans to cooperate.

It allowed the sharing of information.

Oral communication led to markets, trade and cross-continental trade.

It also allowed the spread of religious teachings.
 SCRIPT
Distance became a strain for oral communication.

Script allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and much longer
times.

It allowed the written and permanent codification of international economic,

cultural, religious and political practice.
 PRINTING PRESS
There was a continuous production, reproduction and circulation of reading
materials.

Written document was mass produced that anyone can access the
information that they want to know.

Printing transformed markets, businesses, churches, governments, and armies.

Reading history books of the world allowed the exchange of culture and
traditions.
 ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Media that requires electricity to use

The vast reach of these media continues to open up new vistas in the
economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization.
 DIGITAL MEDIA
Reliance on digital code

In politics, election campaign has a wider reach.

In economics, it allows promotions of products and online shopping.

Media is the CARRIER of cultures.

 THE REAL MEDIA

THE PEOPLE
The interaction between globalization and local cultures brings
different combinations.
Cultural Differentialism

Cultural Convergence

Cultural Hybridity
 Cultures are different, strong, and resilient.

CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM

Distinctive cultures will endure despite globalization.

 CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

Globalization will bring about the growing sameness of cultures.

 CULTURAL HYBRIDITY

Globalization increases the mixture of cultures.

 GLOCALIZATION
The increased frequency of contact among culture brought about by
globalization.

Local culture is the outcome of previous local and global cultures.

MIGRATIONAND THE RISE OF
TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
 The Sustainable
Development Goals
17 SDG AGENDA
Constructs of Poverty
Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction Program
Poverty Targeting Policy
Empowerment, Social Inclusion
Food Security
Quality Access to Food
Availability, Affordability, Adequacy,
Frequency, & Quality
Health Security
Quality Access to Health
Universal Health Care (Inclusive)
Quality Health Services
Aspects of Wellbeing/Welfare
Education is a right, not a privilege!
Free Access to Quality Education
Global Standards of Quality
Education
Outcome-based Education (OBE)
Hard and Soft Competencies
Inclusion
Anti-discrimination
SOGIE Bill
A Challenge to Norms and Mores
Emergent Constructs of Morality
Issues on Choice and Rights
Water Security
Access to Clean and Safe Water
Availability, affordability, adequacy
Water inadequacy as a source of
conflict
Energy Security
Clean and Renewable Energy
Solar and Wind Power
Job/Employment Security
Equity
Access to Jobs
Just and Fair Compensation
Climate Change
Climate Change Resilience
Adaptive Capacity
Environmental Laws & Policies
Rights of Mother Earth
Protection of Marine and Aquatic
Resources
Environmental Laws and Policies
Territorial Sovereignty and Integrity
Protection of Biodiversity
Environmental Security
Environmental Laws and Policies
Territorial Sovereignty and Integrity
Good Governance
Accountability
Transparency
Political Will
Pro-Marginalized
Collaborations, not collusions!
Regional and Inter-Regional Alliances
PPP
Think Globally. Act Locally.
Global Citizenship and
Nationalism.
“For every right, there
commensurates responsibilities!”
SCO PA TU MANAA

TCW (GED105)

STS (GED 103)