• A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. • Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station. POWER TRANSFORMER
A power transformer is a passive electromagnetic device
that transfers energy from one circuit to another circuit by means of inductive coupling. Power transformers differ from other transformer types in that they are designed to comply with regulatory requirements for mains power interfacing, working at mains voltages and relatively high currents. The most important specification of a power transformer is its primary to secondary transformer galvanic isolation, which is usually specified in kV. This is a fundamental safety aspect in protecting humans from potentially lethal earth fault conditions. TAP-CHANGER OF PTR
A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers which allows for variable
turn ratios to be selected in discrete steps. And with this mechanism obtain this variable turn ratio by connecting to a number of access points known as taps along either the primary or secondary winding.
Tap changers exist in two primary types, no load tap changers
(NLTC) which must be de-energized before the turn ratio is adjusted and on load tap changers (OLTC) which may adjust their turn ratio during operation. The tap selection on any tap changer may be made via an automatic system, as is often the case for OLTC, or a manual tap changer, which is more common for NLTC. 33KV VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas
Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924. The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must
open to interrupt the circuit; this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker, such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. Circuit breakers may also use the higher current caused by the fault to separate the contacts, such as thermal expansion or a magnetic field. Small circuit breakers typically have a manual control lever to switch off the load or reset a tripped breaker, while larger units use solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs. 3-PHASE TRANSFORMER
A distribution transformer or service
transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. [1] The invention of a practical efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible; a system using distribution transformers was demonstrated as early as 1882. CAPACITOR BANK
A Capacitor Bank is a group of
several capacitors of the same rating that are connected in series or parallel with each other to store electrical energy . The resulting bank is then used to counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an alternating current (AC) power supply. FEEDER
• Distribution feeder circuits are the connections between
the output terminals of a distribution substation and the input terminals of primary circuits. The distribution feeder circuit conductors leave the substation from a circuit breaker or circuit recloser via underground cables, called substation exit cables. EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY
• Earth-fault relay is used to protect feeder
against faults involving ground. Typically, earth faults are single line to ground and double line to ground faults. ... system, three phase fault current is independent of the value of ZF. TYPES OF POLES
• For carrying of overhead line,
wooden poles, concrete poles, steel poles and rail poles are used.