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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

AT
33/11 KV SUB-STATION
INTRODUCTION

• A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations


transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between
the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and
lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
• Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or
commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and
control.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation
stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their
energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected
to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
POWER TRANSFORMER

A power transformer is a passive electromagnetic device


that transfers energy from one circuit to another circuit by
means of inductive coupling. Power transformers differ
from other transformer types in that they are designed to
comply with regulatory requirements for mains power
interfacing, working at mains voltages and relatively high
currents. The most important specification of a power
transformer is its primary to secondary transformer
galvanic isolation, which is usually specified in kV. This is
a fundamental safety aspect in protecting humans from
potentially lethal earth fault conditions.
TAP-CHANGER OF PTR

A tap changer is a mechanism in transformers which allows for variable


turn ratios to be selected in discrete steps. And with this mechanism
obtain this variable turn ratio by connecting to a number of access points
known as taps along either the primary or secondary winding.

Tap changers exist in two primary types, no load tap changers


(NLTC) which must be de-energized before the turn ratio is
adjusted and on load tap changers (OLTC) which may adjust
their turn ratio during operation. The tap selection on any tap
changer may be made via an automatic system, as is often
the case for OLTC, or a manual tap changer, which is more
common for NLTC.
33KV VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas


Edison in an 1879 patent application, although his commercial
power distribution system used fuses.
Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental
short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature circuit breaker
similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri &
Cie in 1924.
The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains
and low voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done within the
device itself.
VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must


open to interrupt the circuit; this is commonly done using
mechanically stored energy contained within the breaker,
such as a spring or compressed air to separate the
contacts. Circuit breakers may also use the higher current
caused by the fault to separate the contacts, such as
thermal expansion or a magnetic field. Small circuit
breakers typically have a manual control lever to switch off
the load or reset a tripped breaker, while larger units
use solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric
motors to restore energy to the springs.
3-PHASE TRANSFORMER

A distribution transformer or service


transformer is a transformer that provides the
final voltage transformation in the electric power
distribution system, stepping down the voltage
used in the distribution lines to the level used by
the customer. [1] The invention of a practical
efficient transformer made AC power distribution
feasible; a system using distribution transformers
was demonstrated as early as 1882.
CAPACITOR BANK

A Capacitor Bank is a group of


several capacitors of the same rating that
are connected in series or parallel with each
other to store electrical energy . The
resulting bank is then used to counteract or
correct a power factor lag or phase shift in
an alternating current (AC) power supply.
FEEDER

• Distribution feeder circuits are the connections between


the output terminals of a distribution substation and the
input terminals of primary circuits. The
distribution feeder circuit conductors leave
the substation from a circuit breaker or circuit recloser
via underground cables, called substation exit cables.
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY

• Earth-fault relay is used to protect feeder


against faults involving ground. Typically,
earth faults are single line to ground and
double line to ground faults. ... system, three
phase fault current is independent of the value
of ZF.
TYPES OF POLES

• For carrying of overhead line,


wooden poles, concrete poles,
steel poles and rail poles are
used.

There are two types of concrete


poles:
1.R.C.C. Poles
2.P.C.C. Poles
CONCLUSION

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