Tutorial 8

SPMS
30-Oct-2019
Energy in Thermal Processes :
Lecture 8

• Internal Energy, Heat, and Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

• Calorimetry
– Specific heat
– Latent heat (phase change)

• Heat Transfer
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
Internal energy
• Internal energy (U) is the energy associated with the atoms and
molecules of the system.
• Kinetic energy associated with random translational, rotational, and
vibrational motion of particles that make up the system.

• Potential energy bonding the particles together.

• In a monoatomic gas, the internal energy is given by the

kinetic energy
Heat
• Heat (Q) is the transfer of energy between two objects in thermal
contact because of a temperature difference between them.

• SI unit: Joule

• 1 cal = 4.186 J
Energy necessary to raise 1g of water
from 14.5°C to 15.5 °C
Mechanical equivalent of heat
(equivalence between mechanical energy
and internal energy) James Prescott Joule
Specific heat
• A unique amount of energy per unit mass to change the
temperature of a substance by 1oC (K)

• The specific heat (c) of a substance is

• Unit: J/kg oC

Heat required
Latent Heat
• The amount of heat Q needed to change the phase of a
given pure substance is

• L is the latent heat of the substance

• Adding energy, Q positive
• Removing energy, Q negative

• Unit: J/kg
 Conduction, Convection, Radiation
• Conduction is energy transfer
through a substance, from
molecule to molecule
• Convection is the transfer
of energy by the
movement of a substance

• Radiation is the process of

energy transfer that does
not require physical contact
Thermal Conduction
• An exchange of energy between microscopic particles (such as atoms, molecules,
electrons) by collisions.

• Physical contact is required.

• Rate of energy transfer is proportional to cross-sectional area and temperature

difference, and inversely proportional to the length of the medium.

• k is the thermal conductivity that depends on material.

Tutorial 8 Part 1

Usually, it gets colder due to heat transfer to surrounding air.

Water has higher thermal conductivity.

 Property of a system.

Interaction with environment.

Both.
 ii. Estimation:

Heat transfer: Hot water air in a large room

In a narrow beam of light coming through the window, we can see dust particles
moving in random motion.
 If T doubles, the average kinetic energy also doubles.

will change by a factor of

Tutorial 8 Part 2 #1

Heat transfer: Horseshoe water + pot

Tutorial 8 Part 2 #2

Equilibrium temperature

Heat transfer: Horse shoe water (temperature increase + vaporization)

Percentage
Tutorial 8 Part 2 #3

Mechanical equivalent of heat: Kinetic energy of hammer → Heat of nail

Any questions?

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