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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
EMT 113/4
CHAPTER 3:
AC MACHINES
Introduction
2 major classes:
a) Asynchronous machines / induction machines :–
Motors or generators whose field current is supplied by magnetic
induction (transformer action) into their field windings.
b) Synchronous machines :–
Motors or generators whose field current is supplied by a separate
dc power source.
V
eind
• Current flows in the loop, a torque will be induced on the wire loop.
THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
N nl N fl nl fl
SR X 100% SR X 100%
N fl fl
INDUCTION MOTORS
Induction Motors
The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air gap (the tolerances is
depending on the power of the motor).
Two types of rotor which can placed inside the stator:
a) Squirrel-cage induction motor (Cage rotor)
- The three phases of the rotor windings are usually Y-connected, the end of
the three rotor wires are tied to slip ring on the rotor shaft.
- Rotor windings are shorted through brushes riding on the slip rings.
Wound-rotor induction motors are more expansive than the cage induction
motors, they required much more maintenance because the wear associated
with their brushes and slip rings.
Induction Motor : Concepts
INDUCED TORQUE IN AN INDUCTION MOTOR
The three-phase of voltages has been applied to the stator, and three-phase set
of stator current is flowing . These currents produce a magnetic field BS , rotating
counterclockwise direction
The speed of the magnetic field’s rotation in a cage rotor induction motor (Figure
7.6, Chapman) is given by
120 f e
nsync
P
Where nsync = synchronous speed [r/min]
fe = System frequency [Hz]
p = number of poles
This equation shows that the synchronous speed increases with frequency and
decrease with the number of poles.
.
This rotating field BS passes over the rotor bars and induces a voltage in them
eind (v B) l
Where : v = velocity of the bar relative to the magnetic field
B = magnetic flux density vector
l = length of conductor in the magnetic field
The voltage induced in a rotor bar depends on the speed of the rotor
relative to the magnetic fields
THE CONCEPT OF ROTOR SLIP
The induction motor works by inducing voltages and current in the rotor of the
machine-called a rotating transformer.
Like a transformer; primary (stator) induced a voltage in the secondary
(rotor)
Unlike a transformer, the secondary frequency not necessarily the same as
primary.
If the rotor of a motor is locked so that it cannot move, the rotor will have the
same frequency as the stator.
If the rotor turns at synchronous speed, the frequency on the rotor will be zero.
For nm=0 r/min & the rotor frequency fr=fe slip, s = 1
nm=nsync & the rotor frequency fr=0 slip, s = 0
- For any speed in between, the rotor frequency is directly proportional to
the difference between the speed of the magnetic field nsync and the speed of
the rotor nm. n n
s
sync m
nsync
THE ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY ON THE ROTOR
nsync nm
Since the slip of the rotor is defined as : s
nsync
Then the rotor frequency can be expressed as : f r sf e
nsync nm
Substituting between these two equation become : fr fe
nsync
But nsync = 120fe/P, so
P
f r (nsync nm ) fe
120 f e
P
Therefore, fr (nsync nm )
120
fr = frequency rotor; fe = frequency stator
Induction Motor : Equivalent Circuit
a) Transformer model
- model of the transformer action-induction of voltages and
currents in the rotor circuit of an IM is essentially a
transformer operation.
- as in transformer model – certain resistance, self
inductance in primary (stator) windings; magnetization
curve and etc.
jsXR0
ER 0
IR RR
RR
jX R 0
ER0
s s
The power flow diagram of an induction motor – shows the relationship between
the input electric power and output mechanical power.
Induction Motor :Power & Torque
R2
Input current
I1
V Where
Z eq R1 jX1 [( Rc jX m ) //( jX 2 )
Z eq s
Induction Motor :
Torque Speed Characteristics
1. The induced torque of the motor is zero at synchronous speed.
2. The torque speed curve is nearly linear between no-load and full-load. In
this range, the rotor resistance is much larger than the rotor reactance.
So, the rotor current increasing linearly.
3. There is maximum possible torque that cannot be exceeded (called
pullout torque or breakdown torque) is 2-3 times the rated full-load torque.
4. Starting torque on motor is slightly larger than full-load.
5. The torque on the motor for a given slip varies as the square of the
applied voltage.
6. If the rotor of the induction motor is driven faster than synchronous speed,
then the direction of the induced torque in the machine reverse and
become generator.
7. If motor turning backward, relative to the direction of the magnetic field,
the induced torque will stop the machine very rapidly and will try to rotate
it in the other direction (called plugging).
Induction Motor : Speed Control
• By pole changing
• By line frequency control
• By line voltage control
• By changing the rotor resistance
Motor operation
The field induced voltage, E permits the motor to draw power from the line
to be converted into mechanical power. This time, the mechanical output
torque is also developing. The induced voltage is in opposition to the
current flow-called counter emf.
Generator operation
The field induced voltage, E is in the same direction as the current and is called
the “generated voltage”. The machine torque opposes the input mechanical
torque that is trying to drive the generator, and it is called the counter torque.
nm P f e electrical frequency, in Hz
fe nm mechanical speedofmagnetic field , in r / min
120
P number of poles
Leading P.F.
Power and Torque:
In generators, not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous
generator becomes electric power out of the machine
The power losses in generator are represented by difference between output
power and input power shown in power flow diagram below.
Pconv
Losses:
•Rotor
- resistance; iron parts moving in a magnetic field causing currents to
be generated in the rotor body
- resistance of connections to the rotor (slip rings)
•Stator
- resistance; magnetic losses (e.g., hysteresis)
•Mechanical
- friction at bearings, friction at slip rings
Pin appm
The power converted from mechanical to electrical form internally is given by
The real electric output power of the synchronous generator can be expressed
in line and phase quantities as