DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation is used in business mathematics:

-Determine the maximum and minimum values of particular
functions Eg: Costs, strength, amount of material used in
building, profit and loss.
-When we consider the quantity and supply:
 Quantity demanded can be a function of price.
 Supply and price or cost and quantity demanded are
some other variables.
- Calculus helps us in finding the arte at which one quantity
changes with respect to the other.
- Product differentiation is economically advantageous to
companies.
 Differentiation continues….
1. It provides a reason for consumers as to why
their product is worth investing in as opposed to
all other substitute products.
2. In economics and marketing, product
differentiation is the process of distinguishing a
product or service from others, to make it more
attractive to a particular target market. This
involves differentiating it from competitors’
products as well as firm’s products.
 Rules of Differentiation
𝑛 𝑑𝑦
Rule 1: 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Examples
1. Differentiate the following with respect to 𝑥:
(a) 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐
(b) 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑚
(c) 𝑥 3
(d) 𝑥 8
1
(e) 𝑥 2
 Rule 1 continues….
2. Differentiate the following with respect to 𝑥
(a) 𝑥 −4
(b) 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 10
(c) 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Rule 2: The Chain / Compound rule
𝑛
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Examples
Differentiate the following with respect to 𝑥.
(a) (𝑥 + 3)2
(b) (3𝑥 + 2)4
(c) (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)2
(d) (1 + 𝑥 2 )
(e) (2𝑥 + 5)−1
1
(f) (3𝑥 − 1) 2
 Rule 3: The Product rule
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Examples
Differentiate the following with respect to 𝑥
(a)(5𝑥 + 7)(3𝑥 2 + 5)
(b) 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑥 + 1 2
(c) 𝑥 2 + 1 3 (𝑥 3 + 1)
Rule 3: The Quotient Rule
𝑢
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑣
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
Examples:
Differentiate the following with respect 𝑥:
4𝑥 3 +2
(a) 6
𝑥
(𝑥−3)2
(b)
(𝑥+2)2
𝑥
(c)
(1+𝑥 2 )
 INTEGRATION
Integration is defined as the mixing or people
together that were formerly separated.
Differentiation calculates the slope the curve.
Integration calculates the area under the curve.
It is the reverse of differentiation. Integration means
summation(s) and it represented by the symbol: ∫
Integration formula:
𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐

𝑐 is the constant of integration.

 Examples
1. Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥:
(a) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬5 𝑑𝑥
(b) ‫(׬‬2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
(c) ‫ 𝑥𝑎(׬‬+ 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
1
(d) ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
3

2. Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥:

(a) ‫(׬‬3𝑥 + 2)3 𝑑𝑥
(b) ‫(׬‬2𝑥 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥
(c) ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 − 4 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
(d) ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥2

(e) ‫(𝑥 ׬‬3𝑥 2 + 2)4 𝑑𝑥

 Examples continue…….
3. Integrate the following with respect to 𝑥:
3 3
(a) ‫׬‬1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
(b) ‫׬‬3 (3𝑥 3 +2)𝑑𝑥
4
(c) ‫׬‬0 (2𝑥 3 +2)𝑑𝑥
3 2
(d) ‫׬‬1 (𝑥 +3)𝑑𝑥
4. Find the area enclosed by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 2 , the 𝑥-axis and the lines
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.