ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ATOM

 The smallest
unit of an
element.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

 ELECTRONS
 PROTONS
 NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS

 The central part

of an atom.
 Contains most of
an atom's mass.
PROTONS

 Positively
charged particle.
NEUTRON

 Uncharged particle.
ELECTRONS

 Negatively
charged particle.
ELECTRICAL CHARGE
ELECTRICAL CHARGE

 determines the electric interaction

and magnetic interaction

 affected by electromagnetism
Electromagnetism

 “Like
charges repel, unlike charges
attract”

 Law of Charges
Repulsive and Attractive Electrical Forces
SI Unit

 q – electrical charge

 C - coulomb
 18
 1 coulomb = 6.242 x 10 e

 Ions
- Cations
- Anions
Compute the charge of the ion.

 Ion with a charge of +3e

 Ion with a charge of -3e

Compute the charge of the ion.

 Ion with a charge of +5e

 Ion with a charge of -2e

What is the charge of each atom if it
comprises the following particles?

5 electrons and 6 protons

 14electrons and 11
protons
What is the charge of each atom if it
comprises the following particles?

7 electrons and 7 protons

 25electrons and 26
protons
Compute the charge of the ion.

 Ion with a charge of -6e

 Ion with a charge of -4e

Conductors

 materials that allow

electrical charges to
move from one material
to another
Conductors

 rubbing
 conduction
 induction
Charging by Rubbing

 an electrically neutral
body can gain a charge by
rubbing
 ripping off
Charging by Rubbing

 an electrically neutral
body can gain a charge by
rubbing
 ripping off
Triboelectric Series

 the charged acquired by

rubbed materials can be
determined using
triboelectric series
Triboelectric Series

 first in the list tend to lose

their electrons (+)
 latter in the list tend to gain
electrons (-)
List of Triboelectric Series

TRIBOELECTRIC SERIES
1. Dry hand 6. Wool 11. Rubber
2. Leather 7. Fur 12. Polyester
3. Glass 8. Silk 13. Styrofoam
4. Human hair 9. Wood 14. Polyurethane

5. nylon 10. Amber 15. PVC

Charging by friction

In this diagram:

The wool and polythene are

each ‘uncharged’.
What does this mean?
Charging by friction

The wool is ‘uncharged’, +

because… + − −
+
…it has equal amounts + − +
of positive and negative −+−
− −
charge. + + −
−−
Equal numbers of + +
+ and −
On the wool On the polythene
Charging by friction

Equal numbers of + +
and − on the wool: + − −
+
(Count them!) + − +
7+ 7− −+−
− −
+ + −
Equal numbers of + −−
and − on the polythene: + +
(Count them!)

3+ 3−
Charging by friction

If you rub the wool on +−

the polythene, some + − −
electrons (−) move from the +
+ +−
wool to the polythene. −+
− −
There are now more + than + + − −
− on the wool: −
+ +
(Count them!)

So now the wool is charged positively,

with a surplus of 3 +
Charging by friction

What has happened to the +−

polythene? + − −
+
+ +−
There are now more − than − +
+ on the polythene: − −
(Count them!) + + −−
−
+ +
So now the polythene is
charged negatively,
with a surplus of 3 −
Charging by friction

Both objects are now

equally charged,
with opposite charges
because electrons −
(only) have moved.
Charging by friction

Both objects are now

equally charged,
with opposite charges
because electrons −
(only) have moved.
Triboelectric Series

 Wood and Styrofoam

 Wood: +
 Styrofoam: -
Triboelectric Series

 glass and leather

 glass:
 leather: +