Countermovement

Jump vs. Non – CM

Jump
Bautista, Dadacay, Divina, Magadia, Sol, Taylo
CMJ
NCMJ
 Reach height = 221 cm

Jump height CMJ = 275 cm (54 cm)

NCMJ = 272 cm (51 cm)

Why?
 Because of the rapid drop and
shoot up
 Increased performance due to the
efficient use of the Stretch
Shortening Cycle
  Refers to the ‘pre-stretch’ or ‘countermovement’
action that is commonly observed during typical
Stretch human movements such as jumping.
 Rapid cyclical muscle action whereby the muscle
Shortening undergoes an eccentric contraction, followed by a
transitional period prior to the concentric contraction
Cycle Lloyd, R.S., Oliver, J.L., Hughes, M.G., and Williams, C.A. (2012). The effects of 4-weeks of plyometric
training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male youths. Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research, 26(10), pp.2812–2819 .
  Slow SSC - SSC actions longer than 250 ms are regarded as slow
SSC actions
- Ex: Countermovement Jump
2 Types of SSC  Fast SSC - Occurs during ground contact of <250 ms.
- Ex: Drop Jump
https://sandc.worldrugby.org/?module=79&section=283&subsection=622
 Concentric
3 Phases of Amortization
SSC
Eccentric
  3 Main mechanisms of SSC
How does it
- Storage of Elastic Energy
help? - Neurophysiological Model
- Active State
Turner, A.N. & Jeffreys, I. (2010). The stretch-shortening cycle: proposed mechanisms and methods
for enhancement. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17, 60-67.
Storage of Elastic
Energy
 The tendon is the primary site for the
storage of the elastic energy.
 SSC harnesses the ability to use stored
elastic energy created during the eccentric
phase.
 However, this storage of the elastic energy
within the tendon cannot last forever, and
has been shown to have a half-life of 850
milliseconds
 Less time = More force

Lichtwark GA, and Wilson AM. Is Achilles tendon compliance optimised for
maximum muscle efficiency during locomotion? J Biomech 40: 1768–1775,
2007.

Wilson, G.J., Murphy, A.J., and Pryor, J.F. (1994). Musculotendinous

stiffness: Its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric
performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76(1), pp.2714–2719.
  Muscle Spindle (stretch reflex)
 Rate Coding
 “The magnitude of reflex response increases with the increased
stretching velocity, because muscle spindle primary ending
afferents are velocity-sensitive”
Neurophysiological  “The motor neuron is split so that the signal to contract can be
model sent to the stretched muscle, while a signal to relax can be sent to
the antagonist muscles”
Kakuda N., Nagaoka M. Dynamic response of human muscle spindle afferents to stretch during voluntary contraction. Journal of
Physiology. 1998;513:2:621-628. Level of evidence: A2

Heikki Kyrdltiinen and Paavo V. Komi: The Function of Neuromuscular System in Maximal Stretch-shortening Cycle Exercises:
Comparison Between Power- and Endurance-trained Athletes. J. Elecfromyogr. Kinesiol. Vol. 5, No. 1. pp. 15-25, 1995
  Period where the muscle starts to produce force and work.
 “The greater jump height in CMJ than in SJ could be explained by the fact
that in CMJ active state developed during the preparatory
Active State countermovement, whereas in SJ it inevitably developed during the
propulsion phase, so that the muscles could produce more force and work
during shortening in CMJ.”
Bobbert MF and Casius LJ. Is the countermovement on jump height due to active state development? Med Sci Sport Exerc
37: 440–446, 2005.
 Elastic
Potential
Stretch Energy
Reflex

Longer
Active
State Summary

Increased Performance
THANK YOU!