TRANSFORMER

Disediakan Oleh:
Siti Fatimah Binti Mohd Jamil
 INTRODUCTION

 A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another with changing voltage level but no frequency change through the process
of electromagnetic induction.
 It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage
levels between circuits.
 Transformers help improve safety and efficiency of power systems by raising and
lowering voltage levels as and when needed. They are used in a wide range of
residential and industrial applications, primarily and perhaps most importantly in
the distribution and regulation of power across long distances.
 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

 Transformer Equivalent Circuit is the electrical circuit

representation of equations describing the behavior of
Transformer.

 In fact equivalent circuit of any electrical device is

necessary for its performance analysis and to find any
scope of further design modification.

 The equivalent circuit of a transformer consists of a

combination of resistance, inductance, capacitance,
voltage etc. This circuits can then be studied and analyzed
by applying principles of circuit theory.
THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The no load current I0 is divided into, pure inductance X0 (taking magnetizing

components Iμ) and non induction resistance R0 (taking working component Iw)
which are connected into parallel across the primary. The value of E1 can be
obtained by subtracting I1Z1 from V1. The value of R0 and X0 can be calculated
as, R0 = E1 / Iw and X0 = E1 / Iμ.
 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
But, using this equivalent circuit does not
simplifies the calculations. To make
calculations simpler, it is preferable to transfer
current, voltage and impedance either to
primary side or to the secondary side. In that
case, we would have to work with only one
winding which is more convenient.
From the voltage transformation ratio, it is clear that,
E1 / E2 = N1 / N2 = K

Now, lets refer the parameters of secondary side to

primary.
Z2 can be referred to primary as Z2'
where, Z2' = (N1/N2)2Z2 = K2Z2. ............where K= N1/N2.
that is, R2'+jX2' = K2(R2+jX2)
equating real and imaginary parts,
R2' = K2R2 and X2' = K2X2 .
And V2' = KV2
 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The following figure shows the equivalent circuit of transformer with secondary
parameters referred to the primary
 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Now, as the values of winding resistance and leakage reactance are so small
that, V1 and E1 can be assumed to be equal. Therefore, the exciting current
drawn by the parallel combination of R0 and X0 would not affect significantly, if
we move it to the input terminals as shown in the figure below
 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Now, let R1 + R2' = R'eq and X1 + X2' = X'eq
Then the equivalent circuit of transformer becomes as shown in the figure
below
NO LOAD TEST AND SHORT
CIRCUIT TEST

 These two transformer tests are

performed to find the parameters
of equivalent circuit of
transformer and losses of the
transformer.

 Open circuit test and short circuit

test on transformer are very
economical and convenient because
they are performed without actually
loading of the transformer
Open Circuit Or No Load Test On
Transformer
• Open circuit test or no load test on a transformer is performed to determine 'no
load loss (core loss)' and 'no load current I0'. The circuit diagram for open circuit
test is shown in the figure below
Open Circuit Or No Load Test On
Transformer
 Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage (LV) winding
is connected to its normal supply.
 A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are connected to the LV
winding as shown in the figure. Now, applied voltage is slowly increased from
zero to normal rated value of the LV side with the help of a variac
 When the applied voltage reaches to the rated value of the LV winding, readings
from all the three instruments are taken.
 The ammeter reading gives the no load current I0. As I0 itself is very small, the
voltage drops due to this current can be neglected.
 The input power is indicated by the wattmeter (W). And as the other side of
transformer is open circuited, there is no output power. Hence, this input power
only consists of core losses and copper losses. As described above, no-load
current is so small that these copper losses can be neglected. Hence, now the
input power is almost equal to the core losses. Thus, the wattmeter reading
gives the core losses of the transformer.
Open Circuit Or No Load Test On
Transformer
• Sometimes, a high resistance voltmeter is connected across the HV winding.
Though, a voltmeter is connected, HV winding can be treated as open circuit as
the current through the voltmeter is negligibly small. This helps in to
find voltage transformation ratio (K).

• The two components of no load current can be given as,

Iμ = I0sinΦ0 and Iw = I0cosΦ0.

cosΦ0 (no load power factor) = W / (V1I0). ... (W = wattmeter reading)

From this, shunt parameters of equivalent circuit parameters of equivalent

circuit of transformer (X0 and R0) can be calculated as

X0 = V1/Iμ and R0 = V1/Iw.

(These values are referring to LV side of the transformer.)

Hence, it is seen that open circuit test gives core losses of transformer and
shunt parameters of the equivalent circuit.
Open Circuit Or No Load Test On
Transformer
Open Circuit Or No Load Test On
Transformer
Short Circuit Or Impedance Test
On Transformer
• The connection diagram for short circuit test or impedance test on transformer
is as shown in the figure below. The LV side of transformer is short circuited and
wattmeter (W), voltmere (V) and ammeter (A) are connected on the HV side of
the transformer. Voltage is applied to the HV side and increased from the zero
until the ammeter reading equals the rated current. All the readings are taken at
this rated current.
Short Circuit Or Impedance Test
On Transformer
• The ammeter reading gives primary equivalent of full load current (Isc).
• The voltage applied for full load current is very small as compared to rated
voltage. Hence, core loss due to small applied voltage can be neglected. Thus,
the wattmeter reading can be taken as copper loss in the transformer.
• Therefore, W = Isc2Req....... (where Req is the equivalent resistance of
transformer)
• Zeq = Vsc/Isc.
• Therefore, equivalent reactance of transformer can be calculated from the
formula Zeq2 = Req2 + Xeq2.
• These, values are referred to the HV side of the transformer.
• Hence, it is seen that the short circuit test gives copper losses of transformer
and approximate equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer.
Short Circuit Or Impedance Test
On Transformer
Short Circuit Or Impedance Test
On Transformer
 Voltage Calculation
• The voltage regulation of a transformer is the
arithmetic difference (not phasor difference)
between the no-load secondary voltage (0V2) and
the secondary voltage V2 on load expressed as
percentage of no-load voltage i.e.
Voltage Calculation
 Efficiency Of Transformer
• Efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the
output power divided by the input power. That
is efficiency = output / input .
• Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical
devices. Most of the transformers have full load
efficiency between 95% to 98.5% .
• As a transformer being highly efficient, output and
input are having nearly same value, and hence it is
impractical to measure the efficiency of transformer by
using output / input. A better method to find efficiency
of a transformer is using, efficiency = (input - losses) /
input = 1 - (losses / input).
 Efficiency Of Transformer
• As a transformer being highly efficient, output and
input are having nearly same value, and hence it is
impractical to measure the efficiency of
transformer by using output / input. A better
method to find efficiency of a transformer is
using, efficiency = (input - losses) / input = 1 -
(losses / input).
 Efficiency Of Transformer
• The efficiency of the transformer is based on the
power passing through the transformer and its
losses
• Where n is the efficiency, usually given in percent.
The output power is determined by the load
requirement, and the transformer copper loss can
be derived from the equaivalent circuit.
POLARITY OF TRANSFORMER

 Transformer Polarity refers to the relative direction of the induced

voltages between the high voltage terminals and the low voltage
terminals.
 Let A1 and A2 be the positive and negative terminal respectively of
the transformer primary and a1, a2 are the positive and negative
terminal of the secondary side of the transformer.
 If A1 is connected to a1 and A2 is connected to a2 that means
similar terminals of the transformer are connected, then the
polarity is said to be additive. If A1is connected to a2 and A2 to a1,
that means the opposite terminals are connected to each other,
and thus the voltmeter will read the subtractive polarity.
POLARITY OF TRANSFORMER
POLARITY OF TRANSFORMER
 Steps to Perform Polarity Test

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above circuit diagram figure

and set the autotransformer to zero position.
2. Switch on the single phase supply
3. Records the values of the voltages as shown by the voltmeter V1,
V2 and V3.
4. If the reading of the V3 shows the addition of the value of V1 and
V2 that is V2 = V1+V2 the transformer is said to be connected in
additive polarity.
5. If the reading of the V3 is the subtraction of the readings of
V1 and V2, then the transformer is said to be connected in
subtractive or negative polarity
3 PHASE CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER

• Δ – Δ (Delta – Delta) Connection

• Υ – Υ (Star – Star) Connection
• Δ – Υ (Delta – Star) Connection
• Υ – Δ (Star – Delta ) Connection
 Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ) Connection

• The secondary winding a1a2 is corresponding to the

primary winding A1A2, and they have the same polarity.
• The polarity of the terminal a connecting a1 and c2 is
same as that connecting A1 and C2.
• Under the balanced condition, the line current is √3
times the phase winding current.
• In this configuration, the corresponding line and phase
voltage are identical in magnitude on both primary and
secondary sides.
• The secondary line-to-line voltage is in phase with the
primary line-to-line voltage with a voltage ratio equal
to the turns ratio
Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ) Connection
 Star-Star (Υ-Υ) Connection of
Transformer
• Star-star connection is generally used for small, high-
voltage transformers. Because of star connection,
number of required turns/phase is reduced (as phase
voltage in star connection is 1/√3 times of line voltage
only). Thus, the amount of insulation required is also
reduced.
• The ratio of line voltages on the primary side and the
secondary side is equal to the transformation ratio of
the transformers.
• Line voltages on both sides are in phase with each
other.
• This connection can be used only if the connected load
is balanced.
Star-Star (Υ-Υ) Connection of
Transformer
Delta-Star (Δ-Υ) Connection
• The primary winding is connected in delta and the
secondary winding is connected in star with neutral
grounded. Thus it can be used to provide 3-phase
4-wire service.
• This type of connection is mainly used in step-up
transformer at the beginning of transmission line.
• The ratio of secodary to primary line voltage is √3
times the transformation ratio.
• There is 30° shift between the primary and
secondary line voltages
Delta-Star (Δ-Υ) Connection
Star-Delta (Υ-Δ) Connection
• The primary winding is star star (Y) connected with
grounded neutral and the secondary winding is
delta connected.
• This connection is mainly used in step down
transformer at the substation end of the
transmission line.
• The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is
1/√3 times the transformation ratio.
• There is 30° shift between the primary and
secondary line voltages.
Star-Delta (Υ-Δ) Connection

Therefore line-to-line voltage ratio of Y-∆ connection is :

1. Basic Elektrical Transformer

https://www.dfliq.net/blog/the-basics-of-electrical-transformers/

2. Definition of Transformer

https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-transformer-definition-working-principle-of-transformer/

3. Transformer Equivalent Circuit

https://electricalbaba.com/transformer-equivalent-circuit/

http://electricalacademia.com/transformer/equivalent-circuit-transformer-referred-primary-secondary-side/

4. No load and short circuit test

https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/04/open-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer.html

5. Efficiency

https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/04/transformer-losses-and-efficiency.html