Basic Physics of MSCT: Radiodiagnostic and Radioteraphy

DEAPARTMENT OF
RADIODIAGNOSTIC AND
RADIOTERAPHY
BASIC PHYSICS OF MSCT
Dr. Nursama Heru Apriantoro,

S.Si. (FMIPA UNDIP), M.Si (FMIPA UI),
Ph.D (UTM MALAYSIA)
CT Training for Radiographers

SECTION I
CT Training for Radiographers. 2

POPULAR NAME OF CT
• Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

• Computer Aided Tomography (CAT)
• Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT)
• Computerized Transverse Axial
Tomography (CTAT)
• Computerized Transaxial Transmission
Reconstructive Tomography (CTT)
• Reconstructive Tomography (RT)
• Computerized Tomography (CT)

CT Scan
 X-ray based
 Multiple Projections (each from different Angle)
 X-ray tube motions around the patient
 Detector motions around the patient opposite the tube
 In special technique :The patient's body is move
continuously as the x-ray beam is scanned around the
body
 Detector output and angular position fed into a
computer
 Computer perform calculation to estimate density of
tissues in each square of a slice
 Mathematically reconstruct image
 Create Voxel to Hounsfield Unit Value (CTNs)
 CTNs represent linear attenuation coefficient

CT DEVELOPMENET
1970 1972
1976
1990
1978
ELECTRON BEAM OF CT
 Electron beam scanner

 Primarily for cardiologist, 50 msec scan times
 Tungsten target and high energy electron beam

CT DEVELOPMENT
HELICAL, 1990
 Slip ring technology
 Acquired data while table
is moving
 Typical pitch ratio 0.5 - 2
table feed per rotation
pitch 
collimated nominal slice width
MULTI DETECTOR, Late1990’s-

2000
 Multiple detector array
 Cone beam
 MSCT

CT DEVELOPMENT
DUAL SOURCE, 2005

 A Scanner using two x-ray source
and two detectors at the same
time
 Enables scanning a heart at any
heart rate and at the lowest
radiation dose possible
Dynamic Focal Spot,

 Flying focal spot
 Double ray density
 Double spatial resolution

CT DEVELOPMENT
MULTI ENERGY DETECTOR
 Consist of upper and bottom
detector
 Upper detector to detects lower
energy
 Bottom detector to detects higher
energy
 Signal from both can be combine
as well

CT SCANNER DEVELOPMENT

SECTION II

BASICS PHYSICS of CT

Conventional Radiography Vs Tomography
2t
( a  b) t
Bm  S
(a  t ) a
1 a
2t  2 Bm
 ( a  b)

BASICS PHYSICS of CT

DETEKTOR
CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Detector Technology:
Desirable Characteristics
• High efficiency
• Quick response time
• High dynamic range
• Stability

CT Detector Efficiency
Definition
• Ability to absorb & convert x-ray
photons to electrical signals

Response Time
• Minimum time after detection of

1st event when detector can
detect 2nd event
• If time between events shorter
than response time, second event
may not be detected
• Shorter response time better

Stability
• “Steadiness” of detector
system
• Consistency of detector signal
over time
• The less stable, the more
frequently calibration
required

Dynamic Range
• Ability to faithfully detect large

range of intensities
• Ratio of largest to smallest
signal which can be faithfully
detected
• Typical dynamic range:
1,000,000:1
– much better than film

DETECTORS
• Scintillation Cristal+ PMT
Sodium Iodide (Na I + Tl)
Calcium Fluoride (Ca F2)
Bismuth Germinate (BGO)
• Gas
Xenon Gas
• Scintillation + photodioda + Ceramic
cadmium tungstate (CdWO)
Bismuth germinate oxide (BGO)
Lutetium Terbium Aluminum Garnet (LuTAG)
Yttrium Gadolinium Oxide (YGO)

DETECTORS
Scintillation + PMT
XENON GAS
Ceramic Scintillation
+ Photodiode

SSCT vs MSCT

Detector Configurations
X-ray Tube Focal Spot
X-ray Beam Collimator
4 x 2.5 mm Detector Configuration
16-row Mosaic Detector
Flex Connector A Flex Connector B
Diode FET Switching Array



MSCT DETECTORS

Flying Focal Spot

DFSTM X-Ray Tube Design
Dynamic Focal Spot

X-ray Tube Design
Doubles
Ray Density and thus
Doubles
Spatial Resolution
with the same number
of detectors

BASIC CT RECON’S
3 6 13 16 X-RAY
9 12 19 22
8 14 1 2
16 17 3 4
1 2
3 4 5 11
4 6
9 10
4 6

Absorption and Attenuation
Io x
It 1  Io 
It = Io exp (-μx)   ln  
x  It 
Io It
μ1 μ2 μ3 μ4 μn
x x
I1  I 0 e  1 x , I 2  I1 e  2 x , I 3  I 2 e  3 x , I 4  I 3 e  4 x
1  Io 
1  2  3  4  ...  n  ln  
x  It 
1  Io 
 i  ln  
i 1 x  It 

Multiple Projection
• I1 = Io exp-(µ1 x)
• I2 = I1 exp-(µ2 x)= Io exp-(µ1 x) . exp-(µ2 x)
• I3 = I2 exp-(µ3 x)= Io exp-(µ1 x) . exp-(µ2 x).
exp- (µ3 x)
• I3 = Io exp-(µ1+ µ2+ µ3) x
• .......
• In = Io exp-(µ1+µ2+…+ µ2) x

Reconstruction process
ANALOG DIGITAL Gray Scale
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
7 6 6
1 3 7
2 0 1

GRAY SCALE IMAGE

MEASURMENT
• The average linear attenuation

coefficient µ between tube and detector
• Attenuation coefficient reflects the
degree to which the x-ray intensity is
reduced by a material
• The attenuation is the reduction of the
intensity of a beam of radiation as it
passes through an object.

PROJECTION
• Sample µ at each detector to generate
a projection
• Rotate tube and detector a small amount
and repeat the measurements
• Complete scan is formed by rotating the
x-ray tube completely around the body
and projection many view.
• The complete scan produces a complete
data set that contain sufficient
information for the reconstruction of an
image.
• In principle one scan produces data for
one slice image.

VOXEL, PIXEL, MATRIX SIZE
µ p
(x,y,z) (x,z)
VOXEL PIXEL
MATRIX SIZE, 16 x 16
PIXEL = SFOV / MATRIX SIZE

Image Formation
• Voxel (volume element) - for each
image slice, there is an x, y and z
dimension. These are coming close to
isotropic (the same in each dimension).
A typical voxel would be created from a
35 cm FOV, 512 x 512 matrix and 0.6 -
10.0 mm thick slice.
10 mm
.68 mm .6 mm .68 mm
.68 mm .68 mm

Pixels
and
Voxels

CT NUMBER

CT NUMBER
• Hounsfield Units (HU), normalize to water.
 ( x,y ) - water
CTN ' s ( x, y )  x1000 HU
water
 ( x,y ) - water
CTN ' s ( x, y )  x1000 HU
water
• CTN Water = 0 HU (all energies)

• CTN range = -1024 to +3072
• 12 bit, 212 = 4096
CT NUMBER
Find the CTN of some tissues bellow :
• Bone = 0.528
• Blood = 0.208
• Gray Matter = 0.212
• White Matter = 0.213
• CSF = 0.207
• Water = 0.206
• Fat = 0.185
• Air = 0.0004
Same WL and Deff WW

Deff WL and same WW

Image Formation
Some Preset Window and Levels
• Tissue Level Window
• Lung -550 HU 1600
• Soft Tissue 100 400
• Bone 800 1000
256
Output gray levels
0 (black)
0 1000 2000
-1000 HU 0 HU 1000 HU

CT RECON’S
y
I t ( y )  exp(    ( x, y ) dx) I 0
Io It(y)
ln( I 0 / I t ( y ))    ( x, y ) dx
y x
F(x,y) ln( I 0 / I1 (t , ))    (d cos  l sin  , d sin   l cos )dl
Io
g (d , )   f (d cos  l sin  , d sin   l cos ) dl
d
Radon Transform
It(d,Ө) x
g(d,Ө)

Fourier Transform
The fourier transform changes SIGNAL from TIME
DOMAIN to FREQUENCY DOMAIN back again
~
F ( )   f (t )e jt
t
~
F(ω) can be represented as :

Real + Imaginer
or
Magnitude + Phase
~ ~
F ( )   f (t )Cos(t )dt   f (t ) jSin(t )dt
~ ~

Reconstruction process
f ( x, y ) : absorption coefficien t (to be reconstruc ted) [Np/m]
I 0 ( x) : incident intensity, I ( x) : attenuated intensity
attenuated intensity : I ( X )  I 0 ( X )e 
 f ( x , y ) dY
I0 ( X )
projection data : p ( X ,  )   f ( x, y )dY  ln
I(X )
1 
Filtered data : p f ( X ,  )      jUX
P (U , ) U e dX
2  
wher e P (U ,  ) is 1D FFT of p ( X ,  )

Back projection : f ( x, y )   p f ( x  cos   y  sin  ,  )d
0

Back Projection
Backprojection at 4, 16, and 100 angles
1.5 1.5
1
1 1
0.5 0.5
0.5
0
0 0
-0.5
1 -0.5
1 1 -0.5
0 1 1
0
0 1
-1 -1 0
0
-1 -1 0
-1 -1
One, two, and four angles of backprojection

Attenuation Correction Factor
(a) Can be determined from attenuation coefficient measurements

determined from CT scan; (b) Array of attenuation correction
factors; (c) to provide final attenuation-corrected CT scan

Back Projection
FILTER
Sample Back Projection Filtered Back Projection

SECTION III

SSCT vs MSCT

SSCT vs MSCT
SSCT MSCT

SSCT vs MSCT

SSCT vs MSCT
SSCT COBRA
(Philips)
SSCT vs MSCT
SSCT COBRA
(Philips)
SSCT vs MSCT

SSCT vs MSCT
PENUMBRA EFFECT

SSCT vs MSCT (RSVP)

SSCT vs MSCT (RSVP)

MSCT DETECTORS




MSCT DETECTORS

MSCT DETECTOR CONFIGURATIONS

Flying Focal Spot

PHILIPS : DFSTM X-Ray Tube Design
Dynamic Focal Spot

X-ray Tube Design
Doubles
Ray Density and thus
Doubles
Spatial Resolution
with the same number
of detectors

PHILIPS : DFSTM X-Ray Tube Design
Without With

PITCH

MSCT FASTER SCANNING
Detector Beam Thick # Rotation Total scan
(mm) time (sec)
1 x 1.25 1.25 160 128
4 x 1.25 5 40 32
8 x 1.25 10 20 16
16 x 1.25 20 10 8
64 x 0.625 40 5 4
1.25 mm images and 20 cm scan length at 0.8 sec

rotation and 1.0 pitch

Brilliance CT6-slice configuration
24-row Detector consisting of:

• 2-D mosaic of solid state detectors
• 16-channel DAS
• 24mm maximum thick slice coverage
• 12mm maximum thin slice coverage
• 0.4mm resolution in Z-axis in hi-res
mode
4 x 1.5 mm 16 x 0.75 mm 4 x 1.5 mm

12mm
24mm (16 x 1.5mm)
Wide Area Coverage
Philips-Expertise in Detectors
Working 256 Nano-panel detector array
Over 525
40-mm
systems
installed
worldwide
as of
December
2005
Philips Brilliance 64 Philips Brilliance 40

Tomorrow- 256 Nano-panel

BRILLIANCE iCT 256

Brilliance iCT
XRT
Cooling Unit Controller Unit
• Focal Spot Unit
• Anode Drive
• kV Controller
Collimator
Generator
Detection System

CT X-Ray Tube (Brilliance iCT)
• Power – up to 120 kW (1000mA @
120kVp)
• MRC X-Ray Tube with Four Dynamic
Focal Spots (4-DFS) sampling capability:
– Two (X1 & X2) on the same focal track
(same
image-plane)
– Two (Z1 & Z2) on a different focal tracks
(Z-DFS)
• An XRT with X-DFS AND Z-DFS design

• Each DFS can be the big focal spot
(Standard Resolution) or the small focal
spot (High resolution) depending on
acquisition protocol

Philips : Patient Dose Path

REFFERENCES
Edward M. Hsiao, Frank J. Rybicki, and Michael Steigner.
(2010) CT Coronary Angiography: 256-Slice and 320-
Detector Row Scanners. Curr Cardiol Rep. 12(1): 68–75.
Hameed T, Teague S, Vembar M, et al. Low radiation dose
ECG-gated chest CT angiography on a 256-slice
multidetector CT scanner. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging.
2009;25:267–278.
Kalendar, W.A. (2005) Computed Tomography.2nd Ed.
Mahesh, 2002. Physics Tutorial for Residents. Radiographics
22: 249-962
Nagel, H.D. (2004). MSCT Technology. Philips Medical
system Germany. www.multislice-ct.com
Philips. MSCT 256 Slices. PT BERCA NIAGA MEDIKA
Seeram, E. (2009). COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. Physical
Principles, Clinical Applications, and Quality Control. 3rd
Ed. St Louis: Saunders.
Walker M, Olszewski M, Desai M, et al. New radiation dose
saving technologies for 256-slice cardiac computed
tomography angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging.
2009;25:189–199.

TERIMA KASIH
• THANKS YOU
• ‫شكرا‬
• ありがとう
• 감사합니다
• Спасибо
• Merci
• Danke
• igracias
• Matur nuwun

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DEAPARTMENT OF

BASIC PHYSICS OF MSCT

Dr. Nursama Heru Apriantoro,

CT Training for Radiographers

CT Training for Radiographers. 2

• Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

CT Training for Radiographers. 3

CT Training for Radiographers. 4

 Electron beam scanner

CT Training for Radiographers. 6

MULTI DETECTOR, Late1990’s-

CT Training for Radiographers. 7

DUAL SOURCE, 2005

Dynamic Focal Spot,

CT Training for Radiographers. 8

CT Training for Radiographers. 9

CT Training for Radiographers. 10

CT Training for Radiographers. 11

CT Training for Radiographers. 12

CT Training for Radiographers. 13

CT Training for Radiographers. 14

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers.

• Minimum time after detection of

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers.

• Ability to faithfully detect large

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers. 21

CT Training for Radiographers. 22

CT Training for Radiographers. 27

4 x 2.5 mm Detector Configuration

16-row Mosaic Detector

Flex Connector A Flex Connector B

Diode FET Switching Array

CT Training for Radiographers.

4 x 3.75 mm Detector Configuration

16-row Mosaic Detector

Flex Connector A Flex Connector B

Diode FET Switching Array

CT Training for Radiographers.

4 x 5.0 mm Detector Configuration

16-row Mosaic Detector

Flex Connector A Flex Connector B

Diode FET Switching Array

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers. 36

Dynamic Focal Spot

CT Training for Radiographers. 37

CT Training for Radiographers. 38

CT Training for Radiographers. 39

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers. 41

CT Training for Radiographers. 42

• The average linear attenuation

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers.

PIXEL = SFOV / MATRIX SIZE

CT Training for Radiographers. 45

CT Training for Radiographers.

CT Training for Radiographers.