A Look at Theories:

Part 2
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Think of Theories as Windows

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Erikson
Erikson believed that “each stage
of life is associated with a specific
psychological struggle, a struggle
that contributes to a major aspect
of personality.”

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Psychosocial Theory – Erikson
 Childhood is very important in
personality development
 Accepted many of Freud's
theories, including the id, ego
and superego
 Unlike Freud, felt that
personality continued to
develop beyond five years of
age

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Erikson

Children are Children Personality is

not simply develop in the shaped over the
biological context of life span;
organisms society’s experiences later
expectations, in life can heal
that endure problems in early
prohibitions and
prejudices childhood

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Erikson
 Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 ½ years)
 Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt (2 to 3 years)
 Initiative versus Guilt (4 – 5 years)
 Industry versus Inferiority (6 – 11 years)
 Identity versus Role Confusion (12 – 18 years)
 Intimacy versus Isolation (18 – 35 years)
 Generativity versus Stagnation (35 – 65 years)
 Integrity versus Despair (over 65 years)

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Erikson
Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 ½ years)
 Children either learn that the world is a safe and
nurturing place or they learn to be mistrustful and
frightened
Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt (2 to 3 years)
 Children begin to have some control over their own
bodies and to some extent, their lives, which allows for
great independence and self-confidence

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Erikson
Initiative versus Guilt (4 – 5 years)
 Children expand their world; learn to control their new
environments; acquire feelings of competence and
independence; develop leadership skills
Industry versus Inferiority (6 – 11 years)
 Children begin to have more social interactions; develop
a sense of pride in accomplishments

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Erikson
Identity versus Role Confusion (12 – 18 years)
 Main task of the adolescent is to achieve a state
of identity; to know who he/she is and wants to
be
Intimacy versus Isolation (18 – 35 years)
 Exploring relationships, moving to commitment
and long-term relationships; failure brings
isolation

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Erikson
Generativity versus Stagnation (35 – 65 years)
 Being in the world; thoughts of future
generations. What have we done to help
those we love and the world at large?
Integrity versus Despair (over 65 years)
 Reflecting back on life; few regrets or
bitterness?

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Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Development - Part I

(click on link)

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Maslow Self-
• Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of
prejudice, acceptance of facts
actualization

• Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others,

Esteem respect by others

• Friendship and family

Love/Belonging

• Security of: body, employment,

resources, morality, the family,
Safety health and property

• Breathing, food, water,

sleep, homeostasis and
Physiological excretion

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Maslow
Basic physiological needs
 Air, food, water, shelter, clothing, rest and
sleep

Safety
 Feelings of safety, ease and freedom
from anxiety

Love and belonging

 Friendships, family and intimate
relationships
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Maslow
Esteem
 Self-worth, confidence, achievement and
respect of others

Self-actualization
 Achieving who we can be; creativity, aesthetic
needs and fulfilling potential

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Maslow's Online Game

(click on link)

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Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality
Level I – Pre-conventional (4 – 10 years)
 Stage 1: Punishment and obedience.
Children obey to avoid being caught and
punished
 Stage 2: Naive instrumental behaviorism.
Children obey rules but only for pure self-
interest. “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch
yours.”

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Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality
Level II: Conventional (10 – 13 years)
 Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations.
Children seek approval of others and adopt the
“good boy-good girl” mentality. They base moral
judgments on whether or not someone meant to do
well.
 Stage 4: Law-and-order mentality. Children are
concerned with authority and maintaining the
social order. Correct behavior is “doing one’s duty.”

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Kohlberg’s Level of Morality
Level III: Post-conventional (13 years
and older)
 Stage 5: Social contract. Laws are
obeyed because they have been
accepted by society as a whole
 Stage 6: Universal ethical principles.
Individuals follow their own
conscience about what is right.
Behavior is the same no matter who
is present.

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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

(click on link)

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Bio-Ecological Systems Theory
Microsystem
Mesosystem

Exosystem
Macrosystem

Chronosystem

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Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Theory

Ecological Systems Theory

(click on link)

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Life Course Theory
Glen Elder - born 1934
 Studied not only children
 Searched for patterns of
development
 Observed the impact of society

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Death and Dying
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
 Five stages of grief
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

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Owning Our Grief

Transformative Power of Grief

(click on link)

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Conclusion
 Theories help us understand human
behavior
 Theories give us questions to ask
about human nature
 Theories offer aspects with different
views

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Questions?

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References and Resources
Images:
 Microsoft Clip Art: Used with permission from Microsoft.
Periodicals
 Elder, G. (1998). The Lifecourse as Developmental Theory. Child Development, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Feb., 1998), pp. 1-12.
Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1132065.
 Mitchell, B.A. (2003)“Life Course Theory,” in J.J. Ponzetti, Jr. (ed). International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family,
2nd ed., pp. 1051-1055, New York: Macmillan.
 Swick, J. and Williams, R. (2006). An Analysis of Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Perspective for Early Childhood
Educators: Implications for Working with Families Experiencing Stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 33, No.
5, April. DOI: 10.1007/s10643-006-0078-y
Textbooks:
 Berk, L. (2008). Infants and children: prenatal through middle childhood. (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Education,
Inc.
 Crain, W. (1985). Theories of development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 Dacey, J., Travers, J., Fiore, L. (2009). Human development across the lifespan. (7th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Companies.
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References and Resources
Websites:
 Boeree, C.G.
Erik Erikson.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html
 BrainyQuote
Share our extensive collection of famous quotes by authors, celebrities, newsmakers and more. Enjoy our Quotes of the Day on the
web, Facebook and blogs.
http://www.brainyquote.com
 Davis, D. and Clifton, A.
Psychosocial Theory: Erikson.
http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.html
 Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Foundation
On death and dying.
http://www.ekrfoundation.org/
 Erikson Institute
Erik Erikson.
http://www.erikson.edu/about/history/erik-erikson/
 Free Online Puzzle Maker
Free puzzle maker—make crossword and word search puzzles instantly online!
http://www.puzzle-maker.com
 Maslow’s Online Game
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
http://www.purposegames.com/game/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-quiz Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 29
References and Resources
YouTube™:
 Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory.
http://youtu.be/fXqcYXTgpB4?list=PLCA4ED379AEC83CB3
 Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development- Part 1
This videos reviews the first four stages of Erikson’s developmental construct.
http://youtu.be/8_IY-pFK3qI
 Kohlberg’s Theory
Theory of Moral Development.
http://youtu.be/svDYaQUVWfI
 OjaiWomen – Alana Sheeren – Owning Our Grief
Alana Sheeren believes in love, beauty and the transformative power of grief. After the stillbirth of her son
she began writing about her personal journey into grief and whole-self healing.
http://youtu.be/gqX3Ygy8NOo

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