R.F.J.

Lekawael
 PHONETICS

The medium through which most of us

experience language most of the time

FOCUS SPEECH How sound is used in

SOUNDS language

Look at the physical process

involved in the production of The study of articulatory
speech sounds by speakers phonetics

PHONETICS studies the sounds

used in human language
 Studies language as a whole
PHONETICS
Studies the sounds used in human language

Concerned with the sounds

we make in speech

How these sounds are

How we How we hear
transferred from the
produce and
speaker to the hearer
them perceive them
as sound waves
ARTICULATORY The branch of phonetics dealing
PHONETICS with the production of sounds

In speechair passes through a complex passageway

consisting of

The nose

The mouth
The throat
The vocal
cords
The
The windpipe
lungs
 sound is transmitted by
From physics, we know that
vibration in the air

ACOUSTIC PHONETICS AUDITORY PHONETICS

Studies the vibration of Studies how sounds are

speech sounds heard and perceived
 The larynx ("voice box") containing the vocal folds & the glottis

LARYNX
CRUCIAL IN THEPRODUCTION
VOICE & DIFFERENTIATION OF
BOX ADAM’S SPEECH SOUNDS
APPLE

LOCATED AT EXACTLY THE POINT WHERE THE THROAT DIVIDES

BETWEEN THE TRACHEA (THE WINDPIPE), WHICH LEADS TO THE
LUNGS, & THE ESOPHAGUS (THE TUBE THAT CARRIES FOOD OR
DRINK TO THE STOMACH)

OVER THE LARYNX IS A FLAP CALLED THE EPIGLOTTIS THAT CLOSES

OFF THE TRACHEA WHEN WE SWALLOW. THIS PREVENTS THE
PASSAGE OF FOOD INTO THE LUNGS
For speech to occur, air must be forced up out of the lungs, up the
trachea, and into the vocal tract.
Speech requires some sort of air source. We produce a majority of
speech sounds by forcing air upwards from the lungs,
an action that is used in normal breathing.

The components
of
speech production
 Two thin sheets of tissue
that stretch in a V-shaped fashion
from the front to the back of the larynx

VOCAL The space between the vocal

FOLDS folds is known as the glottis.

The vocal folds can be positioned in

different ways to create speech sounds.
Air passes through the vocal folds. If the vocal folds are open and air
passes unobstructed, the vocal folds do not vibrate. Sounds
produced this way are called voiceless. But if the vocal folds are held
together and tense and air doesn't pass unobstructed, the sounds
produced this way are call voiced.
The vocal tract with the nasal and oral cavities
 The study of
the characteristics
of
How speech sounds speech sounds.
are made Perception of
speech sounds
ARTICULATORY AUDITORY
PHONETICS PHONETICS

PHONETICS

ACOUSTIC FORENSIC
PHONETICS PHONETICS
Speaker Speech sounds as
identification “waves in the air”
(legal)
 Even further back in the root of the mouth, beyond the hard
palate, you will find a soft area which is called the soft palate, or
the velum. Sounds which are produced with the back of the
tongue against the velum are called velars.

kid, kill, car, and cold (voiceless velar sound, [k] )

go, gun, bag, mug, and plague (voiced velar sound, [g])

The velum can be lowered to allow the air to flow through the nasal cavity
and produce another voiced velar sound, [ŋ]. In written English it is normally
spelled as two letters ‘ng’.

sing, sang, and tongue

ringing ( [ŋ] occurs twice)
 There is one other sound that is produced
without the active use of the tongue and
other parts of the mouth.
It is the sound [h] which occurs at the
beginning of words like:

have, house, who, and whose

(voiceless glottal)

The ‘glottis’ is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx
Manner of Articulation

This aspect deals with

how the sounds are articulated.
These sounds are produced by some form of complete
‘stopping’ of the airstream (very briefly) and then
letting it go abruptly. They are also called ‘plosive’
sounds: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]
A full description of the sound [t] at the beginning of a
word like ten, for example, is a ‘voiceless alveolar stop.’
 The articulation of such sounds involves almost blocking
the airstream, and having the air push through the narrow
opening. As the air pushed through, a type of friction is
produced and the resulting sounds are called fricatives

fish: begins and ends with ‘voiceless fricatives’

those: begins and ends wth ‘voiced fricatives’
If you combine a brief stopping of the airstream with an
obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be
able to produce the sounds:
[ tʃ ] and [ dƷ ]
They occur at the beginning of words like:
cheap with ‘voiceless affricate’ and
jeep with ‘voiced affricate’
VOWELS
DIPHTHONGS
 Song
UVULA
THE SOFT AND HARD PALATE
LIPS AND TEETH
AND ALVEOLAR RIDGE
APEX LAMINA AND DORSUM
OF THE TONGUE
ORAL CAVITY AND NASAL CAVITY